Notes on

Psalms

2024 Edition

Dr. Thomas L. Constable

Introduction

Title

The title of this book in the Hebrew Bible is Tehillim, which means "praise songs." The title adopted by the Septuagint translators for their Greek version was Psalmoi meaning "songs to the accompaniment of a stringed instrument." This Greek word translates the Hebrew word mizmor, which occurs in the titles of 57 of the psalms. In time, the Greek word psalmoi came to mean "songs of praise" without reference to stringed accompaniment. The English translators transliterated the Greek title, resulting in the title "Psalms" in English Bibles.

Writers

The texts of the individual psalms (excluding the titles) do not usually indicate who wrote them. Psalm 72:20 seems to be an exception, but this verse was probably an early editorial addition, referring to the preceding collection of Davidic psalms, of which Psalm 72, or 71, was the last.[1] However, some of the titles of the individual psalms do contain information about the writers. The titles occur in English versions after the heading (e.g., "Psalm 1") and before the first verse. They were usually the first verse in the Hebrew Bible. Consequently, the numbering of the verses in the Hebrew and English Bibles is often different, the first verse in the Septuagint and English texts usually being the second verse in the Hebrew text, when the psalm has a title.

"… there is considerable circumstantial evidence that the psalm titles were later additions."[2]

However, one should not understand the quotation above to mean that the titles are not inspired. As with some of the added and updated material in the historical books, the Holy Spirit evidently led editors to add material that the original writer did not include. Two possible examples are the city name Dan in Genesis 14:14, and the account of Moses' death in Deuteronomy 34:1-8, though scholars have proposed other explanations for these phenomena. Some critics of the Psalms have concluded that the titles are not reliable. Conservative scholars have adequately refuted these views[3] The internal content of the psalms, including the titles, is the only really reliable information that we have as to who composed them, though the commentators have their theories. Only the books of Psalms and Proverbs in the Old Testament claim composite authorship for themselves.

"The best solution is to regard the titles as early reliable tradition concerning the authorship and setting of the psalms. The titles, however, should not be taken as original or canonical."[4]

Not all the titles contain information about authorship. Students of the psalms sometimes refer to those without writer information in their titles as anonymous or orphan psalms. The ones that do contain this information refer to the following writers: Moses wrote Psalm 90. David composed at least 73 psalms, mostly in the first two books of the Psalter (i.e., Pss. 1—72). Asaph wrote 12 (Pss. 50, 73—83). Korah's descendants were responsible for 10 (Pss. 42, 44—49, 84, 87—88). Solomon wrote one or two (127 and perhaps 72). Heman the Ezrahite wrote one (Ps. 88), and Ethan the Ezrahite composed one (Ps. 89).[5]

There is some difference in the numbering of the psalms among versions. This is because some translations, such as the Protestant English versions, are based on the Masoretic (Hebrew) text. Others, such as the Roman Catholic English versions, followed the Latin Vulgate translation, which was based on the Septuagint (Greek) text. The following chart shows the different numbers of the various psalms:

Dates and organization

Of the 150 psalms, the earliest would have been the one that Moses wrote (Ps. 90), and it probably dates from about 1405 B.C. Those David composed would have originated between about 1020 and 975 B.C. Asaph was a contemporary of David, so we can date his in approximately the same period as David's psalms. Solomon's psalm(s) seem to have been produced about 950 B.C. Korah's descendants, as well as Heman and Ethan, probably lived after David and Solomon, but exactly when we cannot identify. Since Heman and Ethan are connected with Ezra as Ezrahites, they probably lived and wrote after the Babylonian exile.

We can date some of the psalms that do not contain information about their writers in the title, if they have a title, by the psalm's subject matter. For example, David seems to have written Psalms 2 and 33 even though his name does not occur in the superscriptions (cf. Acts 4:25).[6] Likewise Psalms 126 and 137 must have been late compositions, dating from the time the Jews returned from Babylonian exile or shortly after that.

"An analogy between the Psalter and a contemporary hymnbook is instructive. Many modern hymns arose as a result of a specific event in the life of a hymn writer, but the event remains hidden (at least without historical research) from the person who sings the song today. The hymn was written in such a way that it allows all who sing it to identify with it."[7]

Most of the Psalms, then, were written between 1000 and 450 B.C. Eugene Merrill narrowed these dates to 970 and 550 B.C.[8] The one by Moses was composed considerably earlier and a few may have been written later, but probably not much later, than 450 B.C.

There is some internal evidence in the Book of Psalms that the Jews collected the individual psalms and compiled them into groups in various stages, and that this process took many years.[9] We would expect this, because some psalms date hundreds of years after others. Psalm 72:20, for example, seems to mark the end of a collection of David's psalms that antedated the Psalter we now have, but which editors incorporated into the larger work. Psalm 1 appears intended to introduce this collection and, probably later, the entire Psalter.

The writer of most of the first 72 psalms (Books 1 and 2 of our modern editions) was David. Editors may have added those by Asaph and Korah's descendants (Pss. 42—50) to this collection later. Seventeen psalms after Psalm 72 claim that David wrote them.

Solomon (2 Chron. 5:11-14; 7:6; 9:11; Eccles. 2:8), Jehoshaphat (2 Chron. 20:21-22), and Jehoiada (2 Chron. 23:18) all organized temple singing, and they may have had a hand in compiling some of the psalms.

Hezekiah (715-686 B.C.; 2 Kings 18—20; 2 Chron. 29—32), one of Judah's best kings and one who led his people in returning to Scripture, may have added to and organized part of the Psalter (cf. 2 Chron. 29:25-28, 30; 30:21; 31:2; Prov. 25:1). So may Josiah, another reforming king of Judah (640-609 B.C.; 2 Kings 22:1—23:30; 2 Chron. 34—35; cf. 2 Chron. 35:15, 25).

The last two books (sections) of Psalms (chs. 90—106 and 107—150) contain more miscellaneous psalms, dating from Moses to the return from exile. It seems likely that Ezra, the great renovator of postexilic Judaism, may have been responsible for adding these and perhaps putting the whole collection in its final form.[10]

As is true of modern hymnals, there are smaller collections of Psalms within the larger collections. These smaller collections include songs of ascent (Pss. 120—134), the writings of Asaph (Pss. 73—83), the psalms of Korah's descendants (Pss. 42—49), and the hallelujah psalms (Ps. 113—118, 146—150).

"The picture that emerges is a mixture of order and informality of arrangement, which invites but also defeats the attempt to account for every detail of its final form. There is some chronological progression, with David most in evidence in the first half, and a clear allusion to the captivity towards the close of Book V (Ps. 137). But David reappears in the next psalm (138), and by contrast, the fall of Jerusalem had been lamented as far back as Psalm 74."[11]

Each of the five books, or major sections of the Psalter, ends with a doxology, and Psalm 150 is a grand doxology for the whole collection.

The earliest evidence of the fivefold division of the Book of Psalms comes from the Qumran scrolls, which scribes copied early in the first century A.D. At least 30 partial or complete manuscripts of the Book of Psalms were found in the Qumran caves, the largest manuscript collection of any Bible book found there. It is quiet certain that the Psalter was in its final form by the close of the Old Testament canon, namely, by about 400 B.C. The fivefold division may have been an intentional attempt to replicate the fivefold division of the Torah (Law, Pentateuch), which was the foundation of Israelite life and faith.[12]

Scope and Text

Historically the psalms cover a period of about 1000 years, from the time of Moses (ca. 1400 B.C.) to the Israelites' return from exile (ca. 450 B.C.).

"It may safely be maintained that the Hebrew text of the Psalter has come down to us in a rather good state of preservation."[13]

Subject Matter

The psalms deal with selected events of the millennium during which they were written (1400-450 B.C.). They provide us with the thoughts and feelings of those who went through the experiences recorded during that time, especially their God-directed thoughts and feelings.[14]

"Of all the books in the Old Testament the Book of Psalms most vividly represents the faith of individuals in the Lord. The Psalms are the inspired responses of human hearts to God's revelation of Himself in law, history, and prophecy. Saints of all ages have appropriated this collection of prayers and praises in their public worship and private meditations."[15]

Genre

The psalms are all prayers written in Hebrew poetry.

"The main forms of Hebrew poetry are two—parallelism and rhythm, to which, as a third and occasional form, we may add strophe. Rhyme, so common in many languages, … is in Hebrew, as in Assyrian, merely occasional."[16]

"The leading characteristic of poetry is terseness or conciseness. …

"Parallelism is almost always present in poetry, but it is also a linguistic ornament that is occasionally found in prose contexts. Thus parallelism alone is not a sufficient criterion to define poetry. Wherever there is a high proportion of parallel lines, however, we can be certain that we are dealing with a poetic passage. …

"Terseness, parallelism, and imagery are the most common characteristics of Hebrew poetry.[17]

"The occurrence of parallelism characterizes the books of Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes (in part), Lamentations, Canticles [Song of Solomon], the larger part of the prophetical books, and certain songs and snatches that are cited and a few other passages that occur in the historical books."[18]

The most frequent types of parallelism are the following:

In synonymous (or affirming) parallelism, the writer repeats the thought of the first line in the following line (e.g., 1:2; 24:1-3; 25:4).

Antithetic (or opposing) parallelism is the reverse: the second line expresses a contrasting thought compared to the first line (e.g., 1:6; 20:8; 37:9).

In synthetic (or advancing) parallelism, the second line explains or expands the thought expressed in the first line (e.g., 1:1; 19:7-9; Prov. 1:7). When the second line completes the thought of the first line, we have climactic parallelism (e.g., 29:1; 96:7).

In emblematic parallelism, the first line contains a figure of speech, and the following lines expand or explain the figure (e.g., 1:3).

It is important to observe parallelism in Hebrew poetry, because failure to do so can result in erroneous interpretation. For example, one might conclude that the writer is making an important distinction when all he is doing is restating the same idea in different words—in the case of synonymous parallelism.[19]

In addition to parallelism, there are other stylistic features that often appear in the psalms: word pairs, merisms (where two opposite extremes represent a whole), chiasms (the restatement of material in reverse order), inclusios (the restatement of material at the beginning and end of a section), repeated refrains, and acrostics (the arrangement of material in alphabetical order).[20]

Types of Psalms

Types of psalms are sub-genre classifications. What is now the most common way of classifying the psalms originated with the German scholar Hermann Gunkel (1862-1932) at the beginning of the twentieth century.[21] He was one of the founders of the form critical school of scholarship that sought to understand a given portion of Scripture by analyzing the form in which the writer composed it. Using this approach, scholars then compared a particular form with other biblical and contemporary literature from the ancient Near Eastern countries that were Israel's neighbors, particularly Egypt and Mesopotamia.

Gunkel classified the psalms into various categories or types (Germ. gattungen) by trying to identify the general situation in life (Germ. sitz im leben) that brought them into existence, rather than by their content. He proposed seven types: hymns, community laments, songs of the individual, thank offering songs, laments of the individual, entrance liturgies, and royal psalms.[22] Gunkel concluded that most of the psalms were postexilic. Many scholars have followed this form critical approach in their study of the Psalms as well as in other portions of the Old Testament. More recent scholars of the form critical school include Mowinckel, Eissfeldt, Bentzen, Engnell, Oesterley, Robinson, Leslie, Westermann, and Gerstenberger.

Sigmund Mowinckel followed Gunkel but took a more radical approach. He proposed that virtually all of the psalms were composed for liturgical or cultic (ritual worship) purposes.[23] Claus Westermann, following Mowinckel, took a more mediating position and simplified the types of psalms into two: psalms of lament and psalms of praise. He further subdivided the psalms of lament into either communal or individual, depending on the speaker, and he subdivided the psalms of praise into declarative (communal or individual) or descriptive, depending on the subject matter.[24] Walter Brueggemann refined this form critical approach further. He divided the psalms into those that express orientation to the status quo, those that express disorientation with it, and those that present a new orientation to a better, future life.[25] Longman and Dillard, though not form critics, followed the same basic division but labeled these three types: hymns of joy, laments, and thanksgivings. Other less common types they called psalms of confidence, psalms of remembrance, wisdom psalms, and kingship psalms—which they further divided into psalms that extol God as king, and psalms that extol the ruler of Israel as king.[26]

Most form critical scholars speculated about the origins of the various psalms and concluded that priests wrote most of them late in Israel's history. This has led many conservatives to reject form criticism completely. Nonetheless, this school of interpreters has given us some helpful information, namely, that various literary types of psalms appear in the book.[27]

Some of the more important types of psalms by literary form are the following: Individual laments are psalms by individuals calling on God for help from distress.[28] National or communal laments are similar, but they voice a corporate cry for help in view of some national situation. Typically laments begin with an introductory cry, followed by the complaint proper, then a confession of trust, reasons for God to act, petitions, and they end with a vow to praise God.[29]

"Laments outnumber every other kind of psalm in the Psalter; almost a third of the psalms belong to this category."[30]

An individual, rather than a group, spoke the great majority of the psalms.

"The psalms of lament are not just random screams in the night; they are the real expressions of pain of real people who exercise real faith in the living God."[31]

"The psalms of lament are a model of godly response to suffering. The Lord does not expect us to remain stoic when we face suffering. We can pour out our souls to the Lord. However in the middle of our cry, we must remember God's loving care for us in the past so we can willingly trust Him with the future. With this type of response, we can renew our hope in the living Lord."[32]

Thanksgiving psalms—sometimes also called psalms of declarative praise—center on some act of deliverance that God granted His people. Descriptive praise psalms offer praise to God for Himself or for His general working, rather than for a specific instance of His working. The poets wrote the pilgrim psalms, also called songs of ascent, for singing by the Israelites as they made their thrice-yearly pilgrimages up to Jerusalem for the required festival observances there. Royal psalms are those in which the king of Israel is the chief character. Some event in his reign is being described, such as his coronation, wedding, or departure for battle. The enthronement psalms speak of the LORD as the great king fulfilling His role in some way such as reigning or coming to judge.

The messianic psalms are perhaps the most commonly known type. They predict the coming of a messiah. Traditionally, interpreters have considered a psalm messianic if, having little or no relationship to its historical context, it anticipated the Messiah or predicted the Messiah.[33]

Franz Delitzsch broke the messianic psalms down into five kinds: The first is the purely prophetic, which predicts that a future Davidic king would be the LORD (Ps. 110). Second, the eschatological psalms predict the coming of Messiah and the consummation of His kingdom (Pss. 96—99, et al.). Third, the typological-prophetic psalms are those in which the writer describes his own experience but goes beyond that to describe what became true of the Messiah (e.g., Ps. 22). Fourth, there are the indirectly messianic psalms composed for a contemporary king but having ultimate fulfillment in Messiah (Pss. 2; 45; 72). Fifth, the typically messianic psalms are the ones in which the writer was in some way typical of Messiah, but all he wrote in the psalm did not describe Him (e.g., Ps. 34:19-20; 69:25 and 109:8 as used in Acts 1:20).[34]

The following seem to be messianic psalms in whole or in part: 2 (cf. Matt. 3:17; Acts 13:33; Heb. 1:5; 5:5; 7:28; 2 Pet. 1:17); 8 (Matt. 21:15-16; Heb. 2:6-9); 16 (Acts 2:25-28; 13:35); 22 (Matt. 27:46; Mark 15:34); 34; 40; 41; 45 (Heb. 1:8-9); 68; 69 (John 2:17; 15:25); 72; 96—99; 102; 109; 110; and 118 (Matt. 21:42).[35] Other psalms that some writers identify as messianic include 23, 24, and 89.[36] Darby believed that all of the psalms are prophetic of the believing Jewish remnant and Christ in the end times.[37]

"The Psalms have more to say about Christ than they have to say about any other person. It is a H-I-M book—it was a hymn book of the temple, but it is all about Him; it is praise to Him."[38]

Some interpreters think of the imprecatory psalms as a distinct type on the basis of their subject matter. These psalms contain imprecations, or curses, on God's enemies. Most of the imprecations in the psalms occur in only one or two verses in a given psalm. However, there are a few psalms that are almost entirely imprecatory (i.e., Pss. 35, 69, and 109). C. Hassell Bullock wrote that there are at least seven psalms that fall into the category of imprecatory psalms: 35, 55, 59, 69, 79, 109, and 137.[39] Of these, 35, 69, and 109 are the most intense. One writer argued that the imprecations were prophetic judgment proclamations.[40]

The imprecatory psalms have created a problem for some Christians, since Jesus Christ taught His disciples to bless their enemies and not curse them (Matt. 5:43-44; Luke 6:27-28; cf. Rom. 12:14). In the progress of revelation, it was not easy for the writers of the psalms to see the details of the future distinctly. They could not feel the peace about God's ultimate establishment of justice that modern believers who know their Bibles do. Consequently, when the psalmists witnessed injustice and oppression, they did not usually know how God would deal with it, so they called on Him to vindicate Himself immediately. With the coming of Jesus Christ, and the added revelation that He provided, believers now have a fuller picture of how God will balance the scales of justice. It is therefore inappropriate for us to pray imprecations of the sort we find in the Old Testament.[41] God has recorded them for our benefit, not as examples to follow in their wording, but as examples to follow in their spirit of zeal for God's glory. Another writer believed that at times it is legitimate for Christians to pray prayers of imprecation.[42] Some people believe that the psalmists sometimes (not always) went "over the top" and said things they really should not have said in their anger and zeal. We have other examples of such language in Job. The fact that Scripture records what people said and did, even though this went beyond God's will, does not mean that God approved all of their words and deeds.[43]

Some of the New Testament apostles' prayers and statements were pretty strong. But I think that, as apostles, they were led to write what they did and pray as they did. I do not think their example in this regard should be a model for us, but it was an exercise of their apostolic authority. Paul's committing a certain person to Satan for the destruction of his flesh is one example (1 Cor. 5:5).

Another type of psalm, based on the form in which the writer set it, rather than on the subject matter, is the acrostic. In acrostic psalms each verse, or group of verses in the case of Psalm 119, begins with the succeeding letter of the Hebrew alphabet. The psalmists adopted this style so the Israelites could memorize and remember the psalm easily. This form also suggests a complete or exhaustive expression of the psalmist's mind on his subject. The acrostic psalms are these: 9, 10, 25, 34, 37, 111, 112, 119, and 145.[44]

Quotations

The New Testament writers quoted the Book of Psalms more frequently than any other Old Testament book.[45] The "Index of Quotations" in the United Bible Societies' fourth edition of the Greek New Testament lists just over 400 quotations from the Psalter, including phrases as well as complete verses. In comparison, this edition of the New Testament identified 47 quotations from Isaiah, the second most frequently quoted Old Testament book.[46] Of the 150 psalms, the New Testament quotes 35 of them.

"The Spirit of God also quotes the Psalms more frequently in the Epistles than any other Old Testament book."[47]

Sanford Yoder listed the following passages from the Psalms that New Testament writers quoted as referring to Jesus Christ: Ps. 45:6 in Heb. 1:8; Ps. 110:1 in Matt. 22:43-46; Ps. 2:7 in Heb. 1:5 and Acts 13:13; Ps. 40:6-7 in Heb. 10:9; Ps. 110:4 in Heb. 7:17; Ps. 41:9 in John 13:18; Ps. 118:22 in Matt. 21:42; Ps. 16:9-10 in Acts 2:31-32; and Ps. 68:18 in Eph. 4:8.[48]

Theology

The psalms deal primarily with God, man (especially Israel as a covenant community, and the individuals in that community), and the resolution of the tension between a holy, transcendent God and sinful, alienated, finite human beings.[49] Some scholars believe that the Psalter contains the deepest theology in the Old Testament, and perhaps in the Bible.[50]

Values

In addition to the Psalms' value to the New Testament writers, their value as Old Testament texts persists today.

"The Psalms mirror the faith of Israel. In them we receive windows that enable us to look out on our brothers and sisters in the faith of more than twenty-five hundred years ago. The Psalms invite us to experience how God's people in the past related to Him.[51]

"The Psalter bridges the gap between then and now, the ancient world and the present world, probably better than any other book of the Bible."[52]

"If God's people before the Incarnation could have such a faith in the Lord, witnessing to his greatness and readiness to help, how much more should this be true among twentieth-century Christians? The Book of Psalms can revolutionize our devotional life, our family patterns, and the fellowship and the witness of the church of Jesus Christ."[53]

However, Daniel Estes warned that trying to find Christ in every psalm may prevent the modern reader from seeing the original intention of the psalmist.[54]

"We are in danger of losing the Psalter in our churches; indeed, many have already lost it, and so it is no accident that many people in our congregations do not know how to pray."[55]

"The distinguishing feature of the Psalms is their devotional character. Whether their matter be didactic, historical, prophetical, or practical, it is made the ground or subject of prayer, or praise, or both."[56]

Structure

Some scholars have attempted to explain a single, holistic structure that they believe the entire Book of Psalms demonstrates.[57] These attempts have so far not convinced most other Psalms scholars.[58]

Outline

I.       Book 1: chs. 1—41 (the book of personal experience)

II.       Book 2: chs. 42—72 (the book of Elohim)

III.      Book 3: chs. 73—89 (the dark book)

IV.     Book 4: chs. 90—106 (the book of the King)

V.      Book 5: chs. 107—150 (the book of praise)

Message

The Book of Psalms is an inspired collection of Hebrew poems intended for use in worship. Spirit-directed compilers put them in their present order for several reasons, including authorship and affinity of ideas. The compilers did not organize them in the order in which the psalmists wrote them. Each psalm is the expression of a writer who responded to God in the light of his particular circumstances when he wrote. Consequently, there is no argument or logical progression of thought as the reader makes his or her way through the book. There are connecting or contrasting ideas, and words and phrases that sometimes link two or more psalms together, however. Franz Delitzsch suggested the connecting link or links of each psalm, with the one that preceded it, in his commentary on the Psalms.

The subject of the Book of Psalms is worship. Worship is the act of offering to God what is due to Him because of who He is. The Hebrew word translated worship (shachah) means to bow oneself down, or to do obeisance (to pay deferential respect). The psalmists used the Hebrew word to describe prostration before God, or some angel, or another human being. It pictures an attitude of submission to a superior person. This word occurs only 15 times in Psalms with God as the object, but the idea of worshipping God is present in every psalm. Charles Hodge defined worship as ascribing divine perfections to its object.[59]

In the psalms, the object of worship is God. The psalmists referred to God as Yahweh, Elohim, or Adonai primarily, though many other titles appear in the book. Those worshipping Him are individuals, kings, nations, and all the earth. God's temple (Israel's central sanctuary) and His holy hill (Mt. Zion) are the central places of worship. The primary method of expressing worship is through song. Fear, awe, and joy are the primary attitudes prominent in this worship.

God's people throughout history have loved the Psalter. There are a number of reasons for its popularity: First, it is a collection of songs that arise out of experiences with which all people can identify. It is very difficult to find any circumstance in life that does not find expression in some psalm or another. Some psalms arose out of conditions of prosperity, others out of adversity. Some psalms deal with holiness, and others with sinfulness. Some are laments that bewail the worst of situations, whereas others are triumphant hymns of joy and thanksgiving. Some look back to the past while others look forward to the future.

The psalms are great because their writers composed them out of their most profound experiences. Great poetry arises out of great living. "For the mouth speaks from that which fills the heart" (Matt. 12:34).[60] They are also great because the writers brought these profound experiences into God's presence. They show how people behave when they are conscious of God—the only truly realistic way to live. Therefore, the permanent value of the psalms lies in their revelation of worship.

There are three great revelations regarding worship in the Book of Psalms: the object of worship, the attitudes of worship, and the activities of worship.

First, the Psalter reveals the person of God, who is the object of worship. The primary revelation of God's character in the psalms is His names. The writers employed dozens of titles and figures of speech to describe God, but the three names of God that they used most are Yahweh, Elohim, and Adonai. Simply from understanding these names, we will want to worship God.

The name Yahweh captures the essential being of God. He is who He is (Exod. 3:14). This name occurs more often than any other in the psalms. Essentially it means that God is the eternally self-existent Person who becomes all that His people need. God's existence is never the subject of debate in the psalms, or anywhere else in the Bible; the writers assumed His existence as self-evident. As Yahweh, God is always an adequate resource for whatever His people need, whenever they have needs. That is because the Name Yahweh describes God in covenant relationship with His people. Translators normally render it LORD in English translations. Psalm 139 is perhaps the greatest exposition of the essential being of God in the psalms, and Psalm 23 the chief revelation of His becoming all that His people need.

The second great name of God in the Psalter is Elohim. Normally this Hebrew word translates as God in our English Bibles. It is a plural word in Hebrew, which does not necessarily signify plurality of number but immensity. God, as He reveals Himself, is so infinite that no singular word can express Him adequately. The name Elohim suggests God's essential might and the fact that He is extremely powerful. God's strength is not just potential, but kinetic (i.e., in motion). It is latent, but also active. Such power drew out the awe of the psalmists. Psalm 68 is perhaps the greatest revelation of God's essential might in the Psalter, and Psalm 46 sets forth His great power at work most impressively.

The title Adonai (Lord in the sense of Master) does not occur frequently in the psalms, but the idea it expresses is constantly present. This title expresses the sovereignty of God, the fact that there is no one higher in authority than He. He is the King over the whole universe and the ultimate ruler over Israel. Perhaps Psalm 86 sets forth the sovereignty of God more magnificently than any other psalm.

Whenever a person, king, nation, or race conceives of God as Yahweh, Elohim, or Adonai, in the psalms, the result is worship. Humans should do nothing else but prostrate ourselves before such a One. That is what the writers of these psalms did as they reflected on their experiences in the light of who God is.

The second great revelation of the Psalter is people's attitudes in worship. Briefly, we see people responding to the revelation of God joyfully, trustfully, and submissively (but occasionally angrily, disappointedly, or quizzically). When we understand that God Himself is an adequate resource for us, regardless of our needs, we should worship by rejoicing. When we appreciate God's mighty power, we should worship Him by trusting Him. When we learn that God is sovereign, we should respond in worship by submitting to Him. When we appreciate God's grace in providing all we need, we should rejoice and give Him thanks.

In the psalms, we see joy manifesting itself in love and gratitude. Love and gratitude manifest joy in the following way: We have God's promises of forgiveness, if we confess when we sin. Forgiveness for sin is one of God's greatest gifts to humankind. It is not something that we can earn or deserve. It is a gift of God based ultimately on a work that God has done for us through His Son, Jesus Christ. The penitential root attitude blossoms into adoration for God's grace. The sweetest music comes out of hearts broken by sin, hearts aware of their total bankruptcy before God. The most glorious praises spring from the lips of those who most understand the great gifts God has given to them. This is the reason some of the most radiant Christians are those who suffer the most.

Trust in God's almighty power expresses itself in honesty and courage in the psalms. Fear is the internal response to power, and courage should be its external manifestation. The person who really fears God's power will be open and honest, because he or she believes God will exercise His power to defend him. He will be willing to take risks, because he is relying on God's supernatural power to sustain and uphold him. The psalmists expressed themselves, and behaved honestly before God and people, because they believed in His sovereignty. They also faced danger courageously, because they believed God could and would provide adequate help for them.

Submission to the sovereignty of God expresses itself in reverence and obedience in the psalms. Reverence is the external evidence of submission to God, and obedience is the proof of it. The person who really believes that God is the ultimate authority will respect Him. He or she will also yield to God's superior authority submissively. We see the psalmists expressing their reverence for God, and bowing humbly to His will, throughout the Psalter. Their commitment to trust often followed their frustration.

The third major revelation concerning worship in the psalms is the activities of worship. As we have observed, one's conception of God leads to worship, and one's attitudes shape worship. One's activities also demonstrate worship.

The psalms reveal that worship grows out of something God has done for man. Man does not worship because there is something intrinsic within him that must come out. Worship is always a response to something that God has done. God elicits worship. Man does not initiate it on his own. Throughout the psalms, the psalmists responded to God's dealings with them. God is always the initiator and man the responder. This fact helps us see that God is worthy of worship.

Human response in worship involves opening the soul to God. David's confession in Psalm 32 is a good example of this (cf. Ps. 51). He rejoiced in his open relationship with God, especially when he acknowledged his sin. He also received God's gift of pardon. Then he offered praise to God. These are the essential human activities of worship: confession, praise, and thanksgiving.

After God initiates worship, and man responds by worshipping, God becomes to the worshipper all that he or she needs. God is true and faithful in His dealings with worshippers. He becomes for us everything we need when we worship Him. Thus the activities of worship begin and end with God. They begin with His initiating situations in life, and they end with His drawing us to Himself. In between we bare our souls, receive His gifts, and offer our praise.

The message of the Psalter then is: Worship God! Turn every situation into an occasion for worship. If we are sad, we should worship. If we are glad, we should worship. If we are in the dark, we should worship. If we are in the light, we should worship. The Apostle Paul expressed it this way in Philippians 4:4 and 7: "Rejoice in the Lord always, and again I will say, rejoice… And the peace of God, which surpasses all comprehension, will guard your hearts and minds in Christ Jesus." The Book of Psalms closes with this word of exhortation: "Everything that has breath shall praise the LORD. Praise the LORD!" (Ps. 150:6).[61]

"… the dominant message in the Book of Psalms is twofold: (1) God is good, and (2) life is difficult. The life of faith is lived between these two realities."[62]

Exposition

 

As Christians read the psalms, we should pay attention to what the psalmists said about God. We should notice too what they said about themselves and the people of God. Third, we should look for how the psalmists expressed their emotions to God. Sharing what we feel is important in communicating intimately, as well as sharing what we know and think. This will help us to become more transparent people.

I.      Book 1 chs. 1—41

Most of the psalms in book 1 were written by David. The first two are introductory to the whole collection, and psalms 10 and 33, which are not identified as Davidic, have a textual tradition of having been combined with the psalms immediately preceding them (Pss. 9 and 32), which are identified as Davidic. Thus all of book 1, with the exception of the introductory psalms 1 and 2, were probably Davidic.[63]

Book 1 was probably the earliest collection of psalms and was later included in the canonical Book of Psalms or formed the core of it. One might think of this book as "the book of personal experience," since there is so much of that in psalms 1—41. Geoffrey Grogan called book 1 "largely a book of testimonies."[64] Another feature of this group of psalms is that the name Yahweh appears 272 times, whereas the name Elohim appears only 15 times, in the Hebrew text.[65]

"Of the compositions in the book [book 1], twenty-seven are clearly individual psalms, of which eighteen are pleas for deliverance. An additional seven psalms (9; 10; 18; 21; 30; 32; 34) offer thanksgiving for deliverance from trouble, and five more (14; 15; 35; 36; 37) provide instruction regarding the experience of evil in the world. By contrast, unambiguous praise of Yahweh is encountered in only five psalms (8; 16; 19; 29; 33), and confident reliance on Yahweh is expressed in only three (11; 23; 27). A single psalm (24) represents an entrance liturgy."[66]

Psalm 1

"The Book of Psalms opens with two psalms without headings. Judging from their general character, it would appear that they were prefixed to the book with the specific purpose of emphasizing certain fundamentals that are of importance in approaching this book. It is plain to those who read the Old Testament Scriptures that law and prophecy are fundamental to the spiritual life of Israel. One is the basis, the other is the essential superstructure. One lays the foundation, the other builds on what is thus laid.

"The first two psalms touch respectively on these two points, emphasizing what the essential attitude on both issues ought to be. Psalm 1 can rightly be said to exemplify the proper attitude toward the law of the Lord. Psalm 2, as it were, gives the essence of prophecy and indicates what place it plays in the life of the true Israel. He who has grasped these two issues aright is well on the way that leads to a right reading of the Psalter."[67]

The first psalm is one of the best known and best loved in the Psalter. It summarizes the two paths of life open to people: the way of the righteous, and the way of the wicked (cf. Deut. 30:11-20; Jer. 17:5-8). It also deals with God, godly living, and the hope of the godly in view of the Mosaic Covenant promises. Therefore it is an appropriate one to open the collection of 150 psalms, and in early times, it was considered to be a prologue to them.[68] The editors probably intended it to be an introduction to the whole Psalter for this reason. Its figures of speech recur throughout the rest of the book. In view of its content, it is a wisdom psalm, a Torah psalm, and a didactic (teaching) psalm designed to give understanding to the reader (cf. Prov. 2:12-22). Grogan regarded the whole Book of Psalms as wisdom literature.[69]

"Only three psalms, Psalms 1, 19, and 119, can be called Torah psalms in the true sense of the word; that is, their major concentration is the Torah. Torah psalms do not comprise a literary genre of the Psalms, since there is no standard literary pattern comparable to what we have seen with some other literary genres. On the basis of their content, however, they nevertheless form a legitimate category. Other psalms dealing with the notion of Torah, although it is not their key idea, are Psalms 18, 25, 33, 68, 78, 81, 89, 93, 94, 99, 103, 105, 111, 112, 147, and 148."[70]

This psalm contrasts the righteous person, who because of his or her behavior, experiences blessing in life, with the unrighteous, whose ungodly conduct yields the fruit of sorrow and destruction. VanGemeren gave a structural analysis of each of the psalms.

"Bible history seems to be built around the concept of 'two men': the 'first Adam' and the 'last Adam' (Rom. 5; 1 Cor. 15:45)—Cain and Abel, Ishmael and Isaac, Esau and Jacob, David and Saul—and Bible history culminates in Christ and Antichrist. Two men, two ways, two destinies."[71]

"The Psalmist saith more to the point about true happiness in this short Psalm than any one of the philosophers, or all of them put together; they did but beat the bush; God hath here put the bird into our hand."[72]

It is interesting that the Psalter begins with a description of the truly happy person, and so did Jesus' first recorded teaching in the first Gospel: the Beatitudes (Matt. 5:3-12). Clearly, God's desire is for people to be happy.

1.     The blessed person 1:1-3

1:1             A trilogy of expressions describes the person who is blessed or right with God. The Hebrew word for man in this context describes a person, without specifying gender. Each of these expressions is more intense than the former one. These descriptions proceed from being casually influenced by the wicked to cooperating with them in their wickedness. However, this is probably a case of synonymous parallelism: describing the totality of evil rather than three specific types of activities in a climactic development (cf. Deut. 6:7).[73]

"… when a man once begins to live in the company of men who are separated from God, both will find themselves becoming involved ever more deeply. But far heavier emphasis is laid on the fact that in his aversion to sin a godly man shuns every form of it at all times and in all places."[74]

"Happy" (NRSV, NEB, HCSB) is a better translation than "blessed," since the Hebrew language has a separate word for blessed.[75] "Happy" was the Queen of Sheba's exclamation when she saw Solomon's greatness (1 Kings 10:8). The Hebrew word appears 26 times in the Psalter. This blessedness is not deserved but is a gift from God. Even when the righteous do not feel happy they are blessed, from God's perspective, because He protects them from judgment resulting from the Fall (cf. Gen. 3:15-19). "Blessed" in this verse also occurs in 2:12 forming an inclusio binding these two psalms together. Likewise the reference to "the path" in this verse occurs again, in 2:11-12, as "the way."

"Wicked" people willfully persist in evil, "sinners" miss the mark of God's standards and do not care, and "scoffers" make light of God's laws and ridicule what is sacred.

1:2             From describing what the godly person does not do, the psalmist proceeded to point out what he does do. The godly allows the Word of God (Heb. torah, i.e., instruction that comes from God) to shape his or her conduct, rather than the wicked. One expositor saw Jesus Christ as the ultimately godly person profiled in this psalm.[76] The godly person's meditation (lit. "to mumble" or "speak to oneself") on God's Word involves prolonged thinking about it that takes place in study and review throughout the day (cf. 4:4).

"To meditate in God's word is to discourse with ourselves concerning the great things contained in it, with a close application of the mind, a fixedness of thought, till we be suitably affected with those things and experience the savour and power of them in our hearts."[77]

"Meditation is not the setting apart of a special time for personal devotions, whether morning or evening, but it is the reflection on the Word of God in the course of daily activities (Josh 1:8). Regardless of the time of day or the context, the godly respond to life in accordance with God's word."[78]

"What digestion is to the body, meditation is to the soul."[79]

The motivation of the godly in this activity is delight; he or she has a desire to listen to and understand what God has revealed (cf. Phil. 2:13). Jesus expounded this idea in the Beatitudes (Matt. 5:3-10).

"My friend, God has no plan or program by which you are to grow and develop as a believer apart from His Word. You can become as busy as a termite in your church (and possibly with the same effect as a termite), but you won't grow by means of activity. You will grow by meditating upon the Word of God—that is, by going over it again and again in your thinking until it becomes a part of your life. This is the practice of the happy man."[80]

1:3             All who delight in and meditate on God's "Law" (i.e., the Word of God; cf. Josh. 1:7; 2 Kings 17:13 21:8; Ps. 78:5; et al.) will prosper—like a flourishing fruit tree (cf. 35:5; 92:12-14; Job 21:18; Isa. 29:5; 41:2; Jer. 17:8; Ezek. 47:12; Hos. 13:3; Matt. 3:12). Their fruit will appear at the proper time, not necessarily immediately, and their general spiritual health, represented by the leaves, will be good. Usually the fruit God said He would produce in the lives of most Old Testament believers was physical prosperity (cf. Deut. 28:1-14). The fruit a Christian bears is mainly a transformed character and godly conduct (cf. Gal. 5:22-23). In both cases, it is God's blessing on one's words and works. His prosperity is from God's viewpoint, not necessarily from the world's viewpoint.

"The man who delights in God's Word, being taught by it, bringeth forth patience in the time of suffering, faith in the day of trial, and holy joy in the hour of prosperity."[81]

The most important part of a tree is its hidden root system, because it draws up water and nourishment that feeds the tree. Without a healthy root system a tree will die, and without a healthy "root system" a believer will wilt. Fruit, in biblical imagery, is what is visible to other people, not just what is hidden within a person. It is also what benefits other people: what others can take from us that nourishes them (cf. John 15:1-11). In contrast, leaves are what others simply see and admire.

"The green foliage is an emblem of faith, which converts the water of life of the divine word into sap and strength, and the fruit, an emblem of works, which gradually ripen and scatter their blessings around; a tree that has lost its leaves, does not bring its fruit to maturity."[82]

2.     The wicked 1:4

The term wicked (Heb. rasa') usually, in the Old Testament, describes people who do not have a covenant relationship with God. They have little regard for God but live to satisfy their passions. They are not necessarily as evil as they could be, but they have no regard for the spiritual dimension of life, so they are superficial. Chaff is the worthless husk around a head of grain that is light in weight and blows away in the winnowing process. It is neither admirable nor beneficial to others.

"Here is their character—intrinsically worthless, dead, unserviceable, without substance, and easily carried away."[83]

"What a drastic picture of futility when life yields nothing more substantial than useless remains scattered so completely as not even to be found when sought!"[84]

3.     The judgment 1:5-6

1:5             In the future there will be a winnowing judgment of people in which God will separate the righteous from the wicked (cf. Matt. 13:30). Then He will blow the wicked away (cf. Isa. 2:10-21).

1:6             The instrument of the judgment that will determine the ultimate fate of these two basic kinds of people is God's knowledge (cf. Matt. 7:23). He knows (has intimate, loving concern about) what they have done (cf. Exod. 2:25; 19:4; Rom. 8:29-30). The "way" refers to the whole course of life, including what motivates it, what it produces, and where it ends.

"The 'way' (derek) of a person is a chosen life path that, if left unchanged, determines one's ultimate goal."[85]

"Knows" (lit.) or "watches over" (NIV, TNIV) is the antithesis of "perish" (cf. 31:7; Prov. 3:6).[86]

This whole psalm is a solemn warning that the reader should live his or her life in view of ultimate judgment by God. Not only will the godly way prove the only adequate one then, but it also yields a truly beneficial existence now.[87]

"It [this psalm] announces that the primary agenda for Israel's worship life is obedience, to order and conduct all of life in accordance with God's purpose and ordering of the creation. The fundamental contrast of this psalm and all of Israel's faith is a moral distinction between righteous and wicked, innocent and guilty, those who conform to God's purpose and those who ignore those purposes and disrupt the order. Human life is not mocked or trivialized. How it is lived is decisive."[88]

Psalm 2

In this "second psalm" (as the Apostle Paul identified it in Acts 13:33), which is one of the most frequently quoted in the New Testament, David (Acts 4:25) exhorted the pagan nations surrounding Israel to forsake their efforts to oppose the LORD and His anointed king (cf. Acts 4:27-28). He urged them to submit to the authority of the Son (v. 12) whom God has ordained to rule them (cf. 2 Sam. 10).

The first and second psalms were always united as one in the rabbinical traditions.[89] As Psalm 1 deals with two ways that individuals may follow, Psalm 2 deals with two ways that nations may follow.[90] Psalm 1 deals with the blessed man, and Psalm 2 deals with the rebellious man.

This is a royal psalm and, more specifically, a messianic psalm.

"A broad consensus includes eleven psalms in this category of royal psalms (2; 18; 20; 21; 45; 72; 89; 101; 110; 132; 144), and it is generally accepted that these psalms originally functioned to provide liturgy to accompany the king's participation in the rituals of temple worship, either on a regular basis or for special occasions."[91]

"The placement of these royal compositions at the boundaries of the first three books of the Psalter provides a sort of extended theological reflection on the Davidic covenant that shapes the way the psalms within this collection are read."[92]

The New Testament writers quoted from the royal psalms at least 27 times: from Psalm 2, 18 times, from Psalms 18 and 45, once each, and from Psalm 110, seven times.

"Obviously many years and various levels of hope intervened between the psalm and the first-century application. The messianic vision, while not complete in the Psalms, develops somewhere in between. We can see this development more clearly in the prophets than in the Psalter. In fact, there is a self-contained messianism in the prophets that we do not find in the Psalms. In contrast, the messianic application of the Psalms develops within the interpretive process of the Jewish and Christian communities, although it is important to recognize that the raw material for the messianic vision is already laid out in the Psalms and is not merely an invention of those communities."[93]

The messianic psalms may be divided into two groups: the typically messianic, and the directly messianic. The directly messianic psalms are prophecies about Christ alone and do not have reference to any preceding person. The typically messianic psalms refer to an actual situation that existed in the days of some Israelite king, who ruled as Yahweh's representative and typified some aspect of Christ or His reign. Psalm 2 seems to be typically messianic, and the king in view is David.[94]

"If you are thinking only of yourself as you read these Psalms you will never see what the book is really taking up, but once you understand something of God's prophetic counsel, once you enter into His purpose in Christ Jesus for the people of Israel and the Gentile nations, you will realize how marvelously this book fits in with the divine program."[95]

1.     The nations' rebellion 2:1-3

David expressed amazement that the nations would try to overthrow the LORD and the king He had placed on Israel's throne to serve as His vice-regent. If Israel's kings submitted to the throne in heaven, they enjoyed God's blessing and power. To the extent that they proved faithful to God, they carried out the will and plan of God on earth.

2:1             David set forth his amazement in the form of a rhetorical question. He could not believe that the nations would try to do something that was sure to fail. It was senseless to reject God's rule and His ruler (cf. Acts 4:25-28; Rom. 1:20-32). The people in the first part of Psalm 1 delight in the Law of the LORD, but the people in the first part of Psalm 2 defy that Law.

2:2             When the nations opposed God's vice-regent, they set themselves against the LORD Himself (cf. Acts 4:25-26). The term "Anointed" is really "Messiah" (Heb. masiah), which in Greek translates to "Christ" (christos). Every Israelite king anointed by a prophet was a messiah. Though we usually think of Jesus as the Messiah, He was the most faithful of many messiahs in Israel's history.

This verse is the origin of the title Christ that appears so frequently in the New Testament. When someone identified Jesus as the Christ, they were identifying Him as God's appointed ruler over Israel and the nations, though they may not have been aware of what they were doing.

Since this psalm deals with Israel's king, it is a royal psalm, as are psalms 18, 20, 21, 45, 72, 89, 101, 110, 132, and 144. The godly meditate on God's words (1:1), but these wicked rulers meditated on rebellion.

"Oh, that men were half as careful in God's service to serve Him wisely as His enemies are to attack His kingdom craftily."[96]

2:3             The nations did not want to continue to submit to the rule of God's vice-regent, who was originally, when this psalm was written, probably David himself (cf. 2 Sam. 8; 10). They wanted to be free of the restraints that bound their freedom: the taxes and limitations on them that David had imposed. Many of the neighbor nations that David subdued undoubtedly chafed under his sovereignty, and some of them rebelled against him.

"All of David's wars were defensive."[97]

In the last days, the nations will be in rebellion against all of God's imposed restraints. Today, people want to break the marriage bands that God has imposed on humanity. They want to cast away the cords of His commands that restrict their conduct. They want to do as they please.

2.     The LORD's resolution 2:4-6

"This psalm is divided more like a television program than a play. It is presented as if there were a camera on earth and one in heaven."[98]

2:4             David envisioned God as ruler over all, sitting relaxed on His royal throne in heaven—not having risen from it in angry distress—not at all threatened or worried about the plan of the nations, but laughing at their futility. This is the only place in Scripture where the writer described God as laughing. This anthropomorphism (God presented in human form) pictures God laughing at the absurd futility of nations trying to revolt against His universal sovereignty—like a great king would laugh when he heard of a puny faction of his kingdom trying to overturn Him. The figure of God sitting as sovereign ruler of all on His throne is a common personification that the psalmists used (cf. 9:11; 22:3; 29:10; 55:19; 102:12; 113:5; Isa. 6:1; Ezek. 1:26; Rev. 4:2; 5:1).

"This tautology, or repetition of the same thing ["He who sits in the heavens laughs, The LORD scoffs at them"], is a sign of the thing being established: according to the authority of the patriarch Joseph (Gen. 41:32), …"[99]

2:5             God also spoke to the nations. What He said, He spoke in anger, because they had refused to submit to the authority of His king, who was an extension of Himself.

2:6             Because God had installed His king on the throne of Israel, any rebellion against David would prove futile ultimately. God established the kings of Israel—with greater or less stability on their earthly thrones—depending on their submission to the throne in heaven. David was very faithful to represent God, though not completely faithful, so God established his throne quite solidly, which involved ability to control the nations around him. Jesus Christ was completely faithful to carry out God's will on earth. He will, therefore, completely dominate His enemies. Other prophets also referred to the coming Messiah as "David" (cf. Is. 55:3-4; Jer. 30:9; Ezek. 34:24-25; 37:24-25).

Zion is the name of the Canaanite city built on Mount Moriah, which David conquered (2 Sam. 5:7). It's other name is Jerusalem. Later, Zion was the term used to refer to the top area of that mount, where the temple stood. Zion occurs frequently in the psalms as a poetic equivalent of Jerusalem, especially the future Jerusalem.

3.     The king's declaration 2:7-9

Verses 6 and 7 are the climax of this psalm, the answer sought in verses 1-5 and expanded upon in verses 8-12.[100]

2:7             David's reference to the LORD's decree declaring David "God's Son" goes back to the Davidic Covenant (2 Sam. 7:5, 14). There the LORD described the relationship that He would have with David, and the kings that would succeed him, as that of a father with a son. This revelation communicated to David that he had a legitimate right to rule over Israel. The figure connotes warm affection rather than simply a formal relationship. In the ancient world a king's son usually succeeded his father on the throne. In Israel, God wanted the kings to regard Him as their Father. From the giving of the Davidic Covenant onward, the term son, when used of one of the Davidic kings, became a messianic title. David saw himself as the object of God's paternal love and expressed that in this verse. It was in this sense that Jesus spoke of Himself as the Son of God. That was a claim to be the Messiah: God's anointed successor to the throne of David.[101]

"The two names of the future One in use in the time of Jesus, ho Cristos [the Christ] and ho huios tou theou [the Son of God], John i. 50 [sic 49], Mat. xxvi. 63 (in the mouth of Nathanael and of the High Priest) refer back to this Ps. and Dan. ix. 25, just as ho huios tou anthropou [the Son of Man] incontrovertibly refers to Ps. viii. 5 [sic 4] and Dan. vii. 13."[102]

The "today" in view in this verse, then, is not the day of David's birth, but his coronation, the day he became God's "son" by becoming king (cf. Matt. 3:17; Mark 1:11; Luke 3:22). Since this psalm deals with a royal coronation, scholars often refer to it as a coronation or enthronement psalm. God begot David, in this metaphor, not by creating him, though He did that too, but by setting him on the throne of Israel. The Apostle Paul taught that Jesus fulfilled this "day" on the first Easter Sunday, when Christ arose from the dead (Acts 13:33; cf. Rom. 1:4).

"This is a verse that the Jehovah Witnesses use a great deal. I wish they would listen long enough to find out what it means. It would help them a great deal to find it has no reference to the birth of the Lord Jesus Christ—which they would see if only they would turn to the New Testament and let the Spirit of God interpret [Acts 13:33]."[103]

2:8             The Father invited His son, David, to ask for his inheritance. As the great universal King, God promised to give him all the nations of the earth for his inheritance (cf. v. 1; 2 Sam. 7:10-11, 15-16). David personally never ruled over the whole world, but David's Son, who would be completely faithful to His heavenly Father, will do so someday (i.e., in the Millennium).

"The Old Testament knows no kingship to which is promised the dominion of the world and to which sonship is ascribed (2 Sam. vii. 14; Ps. lxxxix. 28), but the Davidic."[104]

A non-messianic interpretation, which I do not accept, sees God giving the Jew (David's descendant) the nations as his inheritance, and the very ends of the earth as his possession—in Christ. In other words, with the breaking down of the barrier that separated Jew and Gentile, which Christ's death achieved, the Jews now have "inherited" and "possess" the Gentiles, and together—in one body—they make up the church.[105]

This verse is sometimes used (inappropriately) as a challenge to participate in Christian missions. Advocates of this practice believe that God promised that the nations would come under His authority, and by preaching the gospel and doing missionary work Christians can bring them under His authority. But it is Christ who will bring the nations under God's authority, not Christians.

"Do you think this is the gospel of the grace of God we are to preach today? It is not. This passage hasn't any reference to Christ's first coming. This speaks of His second coming, when He comes to this earth to judge."[106]

2:9             God will deal with all rebellious peoples severely when He sets up the Messiah on David's throne.[107] It was customary for the Egyptian Pharaoh to smash votive pottery jars that represented rebellious cities or nations with his scepter.[108] Perhaps that practice was the source of the imagery used in this verse. "Rule" (NIV) really means "break" or "smash" (CEV; Heb. ra'a').[109] The emphasis in this verse is on the putting down of rebels, rather than the rule that will follow that subjugation. "Rod" describes a shepherd's staff, a fitting scepter for Him who is the Shepherd of all humankind (cf. 23:4; Gen. 49:10; Rev. 2:27; 11:15-18; 12:5; 19:15).

"Those who will not bend must break. Potters' vessels are not to be restored if dashed in pieces, and the ruin of sinners will be hopeless if Jesus shall smite them."[110]

4.     The psalmist's exhortation 2:10-12

2:10           In view of the inevitability of judgment for rebellion, David exhorted all the nations to submit before the wrath of the great King led Him to smite them. The leaders of these nations would be wise to bow in submission, not only to David, but, what is more important, to the King behind him in heaven.

"The author [David] has no desire to see men suffer. He does not gloat over the destruction of his foes. He was merely expressing in strong terms the certainty of the victory of the cause of the Lord."[111]

2:11           The rebellious nations should respond like the righteous: by worshipping (serving), reverencing (fearing), rejoicing, and trembling before the LORD (cf. Heb. 12:28).

2:12           Kissing the Son—David and Messiah—describes an act of submissive homage to him/Him (cf. 1 Sam. 10:1; 1 Kings 19:20; Hos. 13:2).[112] The custom of kissing the pope's ring pictures the same thing.

"The late Dr. George Gill used to tell us in class, '"Kiss the son" is the Old Testament way of saying, "… Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved …" (Acts 16:31).'"[113]

David and the Son of God enjoy close association in this whole psalm. Their wrath and their pleasure are different only in the spheres in which they operate: the local and the universal. This psalm reveals that the nations will serve the LORD as they served the king of Israel in David's day. Only by taking refuge in His anointed (David and Messiah), rather than rebelling against him/Him, could they avoid the wrath of God.

"Trust [AV, NKJV] is the characteristic O.T. word for the N.T. 'faith,' and 'believe.' It occurs 152 times in the O.T., and is the rendering of Hebrew words signifying to take refuge (e.g. Ruth 2:12); to lean on (e.g. Ps. 56:3); to roll on (e.g. Ps. 22:8); to wait for (e.g. Job 35:14).[114]

This is the first of many references in the psalms to taking refuge in the LORD, or the equivalent. God does provide refuge for those who seek Him, but He does not hide away safely from all the storms of life those who would escape them. This view of God is not biblical but is escapism. God is not a "helicopter mother" type parent who hovers over His children and protects them from all danger.[115]

Psalm 1 opened with a benediction, and Psalm 2 closes with one.

The Apostle Peter saw, in the opposition of Israel's leaders to Jesus, a parallel with the refusal of the nations' leaders in David's day to submit to David's authority (Acts 2:22-36). The writer to the Hebrews also saw a fulfillment of the coronation of God's Son in Jesus' resurrection and ascension (Heb. 1:5; cf. Heb. 5:5). By that exaltation, Paul wrote, Jesus was declared to be the Son of God (cf. Rom. 1:4).

In another eternal sense, of course, Jesus was always God's Son (Matt. 3:17; 17:5; 2 Pet. 1:17). When God the Father instructs His Son to ask for His inheritance, He will then send Jesus back into the world (i.e., back to earth; Heb. 1:6). Then the Anointed One will smash His enemies and rule over them with absolute control (cf. Rev. 19:11-21), but those who submit to Him will experience His protection and great joy (cf. Rev. 20:1-7).

"The 2^nd Psalm gives the order of the establishment of the [messianic] kingdom. It is in six parts: (1) The rage and the vain imagination of the Jews and Gentiles against the LORD and His Anointed (vv. 1-3). The inspired interpretation of this is in Acts 4:25-28, which asserts its fulfillment in the crucifixion of Christ. (2) The derision of the LORD (v. 4), that men should suppose it possible to set aside His covenant (2 Sam. 7:8-17) and oath (Ps. 89:34-37). (3) The vexation (v. 5) fulfilled in the destruction of Jerusalem, A.D. 70, and the dispersion of the Jews at that time; yet to be fulfilled more completely in the tribulation (Mt. 24:29 [sic 15-20]) which immediately precedes the return of the King (Mt. 24:30). (4) The establishment of the rejected King upon Zion (v. 6). (5) The subjection of the earth to the King's rule (vv. 7-9). And (6) the present appeal to the world powers (vv. 10-12)."[116]

It is important to realize that the kingdom over which Christ will reign, that is predicted in this psalm, is an earthly kingdom, not a heavenly kingdom. As David ruled on the earth, and his descendants all ruled on the earth, his greatest descendant, Christ, will also rule on the earth. This earthly rule will begin when Jesus Christ returns from heaven to earth at His Second Coming. Occurring as it does at the beginning of the Psalter, this psalm establishes a future reign of Messiah on the earth in the future. This needs to be kept in mind as we read the following psalms, many of which reveal additional aspects of Christ coming earthly kingdom.

Psalm 3

"After certain fundamental issues such as the importance of the law of the Lord in the life of a man of God (Ps. 1) or the ultimate victory of the Messiah (Ps. 2) have been set into the foreground, it is very proper that a prayer book offer a morning hymn (Ps. 3) and an evening hymn (Ps. 4)."[117]

The title of this individual lament psalm identifies the writer as David. It also uses the word psalm (Heb. mismor, i.e., a poem set to musical accompaniment) for the first of 57 times in the psalm titles. All but four of the psalms in Book 1 of the Psalter identify David as their writer, all except Psalms 1, 2, 10, and 33. The occasion of his writing this one was his flight from Absalom (2 Sam. 15—18). Fourteen psalms record the historical episodes from which they sprang (Pss. 3, 7, 18, 30, 34, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 63, 142). Only two of these historical episodes are not recorded elsewhere in Scripture (Pss. 7, 60).

In 1905, J. W. Thirtle proposed the theory that some of the titles, which appear at the beginning of some of the psalms, were originally postscripts at the end of the preceding psalms. He believed copyists unfortunately moved them. He based this theory on the fact that some Egyptian and Akkadian hymns ended with postscripts that contained the kinds of notations found in some of the psalm titles. Not many conservative Bible scholars have agreed with Thirtle's theory.[118]

In psalm 3, David voiced his confidence that God would protect him, since he was the LORD's chosen king. This is the first of many prayers in the Psalms. In Psalm 2 the enemies are foreign nations and kings, but in Psalm 3 they are the rebellious people of Israel.

Ironside, who believed there was a great deal of prophecy in the Psalms, wrote that in psalms 3—7 "we have set forth in a peculiar way the sufferings that the remnant of Israel will endure in the days of the great tribulation. But they also apply to God's people at any time while waiting for the coming again of the rejected King."[119]

"This psalm may be divided into four parts of two verses each. In the first two verses, you have David making a complaint to God concerning his enemies; he then declares his confidence in the Lord (3-4), sings of his safety in sleep (5-6), and strengthens himself for future conflict (7-8)."[120]

1.     Present danger 3:1-2

David began by lamenting his situation: enemies surrounded him. His threefold complaint is synthetic parallelism. In synthetic parallelism, the parts of a statement complement one another to create a harmonious whole. Here it seemed to David that everyone was against him. As David grew older, people in Israel increasingly turned away from him, believing that God had abandoned him (cf. 2 Sam. 15:13). Absalom had won the hearts and support of many in David's kingdom (2 Sam. 15:6).

"Salvation" (v. 2; Heb. yeshua) appears about 136 times in Psalms. Most references to salvation, or deliverance, in the Old Testament have physical deliverance from some bad situation in view, rather than spiritual deliverance from sin and death to eternal life.

"What the psalmist desires most as the enemies close in for the kill is room, space to breathe, maneuver, perhaps even escape."[121]

Probably one of the most distressing things for David was that so many of his subjects had turned against him in a short time.

"The assumption is that all men are agreed that David had himself done things whereby he forfeited the right to expect help of God, and so God will not consider his petitions."[122]

"There is a tendency in the psalms to resist putting the divine name Yahweh in the mouth of pagans or severe unbelievers [but to use instead the name God]."[123]

The word Selah (v. 2), which occurs 71 times in the psalms, and three times in Habakkuk, was probably a musical notation. Israel's leaders may have added it sometime after David wrote the psalm when they incorporated it into public worship, or the writer himself may have included it as part of his original composition. "Selah" evidently indicated when the worshippers were to "lift up" their voices or their hands, since Selah seems to come from the Hebrew word salah, meaning "to lift up" or "to elevate." Another view is that it means the joining in of the orchestra, or a reinforcement of the instruments, or even a transition from softer to louder music.[124] Others believe it means "Think of that!" For us, it is a notice to "stop, look, and listen."[125] The NLT rendered it "Interlude."[126]

2.     Present deliverance 3:3-6

3:3             David believed that God had not abandoned him, and he regarded Him as his real source of protection, his "shield." This figure of God as Protector is common in the psalms (cf. 7:10; 18:2, 30; 28:7; 33:20; 59:11; 84:11; 115:9-11; 119:114; 144:2). "My glory" reflects the honor of serving the eternal God, who ruled gloriously over David's kingdom. The king felt confident that God would restore him to his throne. The expression "lift the head" means to restore to dignity, honor, and position, and reflects confidence in the LORD (cf. Gen. 40:13, 20; 2 Kings 25:27 [AV]). The opposite occurs in 2 Samuel 15:30, where David covered his head as he left Jerusalem in his flight from Absalom. The basis for David's confidence was the LORD's choice of him as Israel's king, and His not choosing Absalom. It was not his knowledge of the future or his military might.

3:4-5          David viewed God's preservation of him through the night, before he wrote this psalm, as a token confirmation of God's complete deliverance from Absalom. The king had petitioned God in prayer for safety, and the LORD had answered from Mount Zion—where David had pitched a tent for the ark of the covenant (2 Sam. 6:17; cf. Ps. 2:6). The LORD's answer was His protection through the night (cf. 2 Sam 17:16, 21-22). Perhaps David wrote this psalm the morning after his entourage crossed the Jordan River (cf. 2 Sam. 15:17).

3:6             On the basis of past deliverance, David received confidence that God would give him final victory over his thousands of enemies.

"Is any afflicted with undutiful disobedient children? David was; and yet that did not hinder his joy in God, nor put him out of tune for holy songs."[127]

"The thing that gives you courage is to fear God. If you fear God, then you have no man to fear."[128]

"A Selah here would have savored of proud boastfulness."[129]

3.     Ultimate victory 3:7-8

3:7             The writer continued to pray for complete deliverance. One meaning of the Hebrew word translated "salvation" or "deliverance" is "room to breathe." David was asking God to give him room to breathe, when he asked God to save him. Evidently David was so certain that God would save him that he described his enemy as already defeated. Perhaps he was remembering God's faithfulness in defeating former enemies (cf. Num. 10:35).

The images of striking on the cheek and shattering the teeth are very graphic, and even somewhat grotesque from the viewpoint of a modern reader. But Hebrew poets often expressed their thoughts in strong, vivid terms. All poetry tends to be dramatic and is often hyperbolic (exaggerated).

"The enemies are conceived of as monsters given to biting, and the picture of their fate is fashioned according to this conception."[130]

3:8             The conclusion of this psalm contains a testimony from the writer that should serve as a lesson to the reader (cf. Jon. 2:9), and a final prayer. In view of the content of this psalm, the blessing on God's people that David may have had in mind could be rescue from their enemies when they call on Him. Rather than ending this psalm with a curse on his enemies, David interceded for God's people, even those of them who had been led astray and deceived by Absalom (cf. Luke 23:34). In this he proved himself to be a faithful servant-leader.

This encouraging psalm teaches us that when God's elect call on Him for rescue from enemies who are behaving contrary to the will of God, they can expect His deliverance.

Psalm 4

Many students of the psalms have recognized that Psalm 4 is very closely akin to Psalm 3, in both subject matter and structure.[131] It is an individual lament with motifs characteristic of psalms of confidence. Bullock saw this type of psalm as a distinct genre (including psalms 4, 16, 23, 27, 62, and 73) and called these psalms individual psalms of trust.

"Somewhere in the shadows of the psalms of trust trouble is lurking. … Unlike the psalms of thanksgiving, which state the crisis and also add a word of assurance that the crisis has passed, this group of psalms makes their declaration of trust in the Lord, but do not always clarify the occasion that provoked the statement of confidence."[132]

David may have written this psalm on the same occasion as the previous one, or near then. It is an evening psalm (v. 8). Perhaps it occurs after Psalm 3 in the Psalter because of these similarities.

Many of the psalms begin with instructions concerning how the Israelites were to use the psalm in public worship, as this one does. As mentioned previously, these notations are very old. They usually constitute the first verse of the psalm in the Hebrew Bible. Their antiquity suggests their divine inspiration. The instruction for accompanying this psalm "on stringed instruments" also appears in the superscriptions of psalms 6, 54, 55, 67, and 76.

In this psalm, David warned his enemies not to sin against God by opposing His anointed king.

"This psalm is actually a call to 'practicing the presence of God.'"[133]

1.     Prayer to God 4:1

David began this psalm by calling on God to hear and answer his prayer. He appealed to God as the righteous One who had delivered him from former distress. David acknowledged that God is righteous in Himself, but He also does what is right for His children, namely, come to their rescue when they are in need (cf. 25:4-5; Isa. 45:13). The terms used to describe relief from distress picture moving out of a tight corner into an open space. "You have relieved me," is a better translation of the Hebrew perfect tense than the NIV's "Give me relief."

"All the notice God is pleased to take of our prayers, and all the returns he is pleased to make to them, must be ascribed, not to our merit, but purely to his mercy."[134]

2.     Warning for enemies 4:2-5

4:2             David's enemies stand in contrast to God; they were sinners, but He was righteous. If they were the aristocrats who supported Absalom,[135] or whoever they were, they were trying to turn David's honor as a godly king into a bad reputation with their lies (cf. 2 Sam. 15:3). They seem to have been despising his position as king. The CEV has "How long will you people refuse to respect me?" They pursued vanity and deception. "What is worthless" refers to vain things and is more literal than the NIV translation "false gods." David's questions reflect his amazement at their foolishness.

"Those that love the world, and seek the things that are beneath, love vanity, and seek lies."[136]

"The Selah or 'forte' that follows here does not appear so much to mark a division of strophes, as is so frequently the case, but a pause in the development of the thought that would allow his warning to sink home."[137]

4:3             David was godly (Heb. hasid) because he was the object of God's election for a special purpose. His godliness was the result of God's calling, not the reason for it. Because the LORD had set him aside for a special purpose of His own (i.e., sanctified, "set apart," him) David was confident that God would hear his prayer.

4:4             David urged his enemies, on the basis of his calling by God (v. 3), not to give way to sin in their anger against him (cf. Eph. 4:26). They needed to tremble with fear and stop sinning. They would be wise to remain still as they meditated on their opposition to David, while lying in bed at night, rather than getting up and opposing him. Opposing the LORD's anointed would constitute sin. It would be better for them to submit to God by submitting to His vice-regent, King David.

4:5             Righteous sacrifices are those offered with a proper spirit of submission to God and His king (cf. 2 Sam. 15:12). Rather than opposing them, David's adversaries should trust in the LORD.

3.     Confidence in God 4:6-8

4:6             The comment of many people, possibly including some of his own faithful followers, that David quoted in this verse, reflects the spirit of discontent with present conditions that had led the king's enemies to oppose him (cf. 3:2).

"The Jewish Publication Society version reads, 'O for good days!' It's well been said that 'the good old days' are a combination of a bad memory and a good imagination."[138]

The desire of these complainers for good was legitimate. David asked God to show them good by blessing them. Causing God's face to shine on His people is a figure of speech for bestowing His favor on them (cf. 31:16; 44:3; 67:1; 80:3, 7, 19; 119:135). Promised covenant blessings would accompany God's presence (cf. Num. 6:25).

4:7             Knowing he was God's chosen servant, and that those who sought to overthrow him were acting contrary to the will of God, brought great joy to David's heart. He said he felt more joy than he experienced during Israel's harvest festivals, which were some of the happiest occasions in the year.

"Christ in the heart is better than corn in the barn or wine in the vat."[139]

4:8             David could rest and sleep peacefully with the knowledge that he was the LORD's anointed servant (cf. 3:5). Even though many sinners opposed him, he was right with his righteous God.

"A quiet conscience is a good bedfellow."[140]

David knew that God would protect him (cf. 5:12). David's name means "Beloved," and his words in this verse express his appreciation for the fact that he was beloved by the LORD.

The elect of God can experience true joy and peace—even though the ungodly may oppose them—because He will protect and provide for them (cf. Gal. 5:22; Rom. 14:17).

"As an expression of confidence in God, the psalm helps the reader to meditate on God's fatherly care and to leave the troubles and causes of anxiety in his hands. Here the psalmist teaches us that in our walk with God he can bring us to the point where we can sleep without fear."[141]

"My friend, do you need a sleeping pill at night? Have you ever tried Psalm 4? It is lots better than any brand of sleeping pill you have used."[142]

Psalm 5

This is another prayer of David that arose out of opposition by enemies (cf. Pss. 3, 4), as is clear from the content. In contrast to Psalm 4, this one is a morning prayer. Both are individual laments that contain elements of confidence, but this one also has characteristics of a community lament (vv. 11-12) and an imprecation. It was written in the qinah meter (3+2), which gives the psalm a limping or awkward feeling when read in Hebrew. This feature adds emotional impact to the words.

"…parallelism is unmistakable, metre in Hebrew literature is obscure: the laws of Hebrew metre have been and are matters of dispute, and at times the very existence of metre in the Old Testament has been questioned."[143]

"Its metre is not that of syllables, but of sentences and sentiments."[144]

"A morning followed by an evening prayer, then by another for the morning (Pss 3, 4, 5), was probably to teach the importance of regular prayer."[145]

Whereas the preceding psalm was to be accompanied by stringed instruments, this one was to be accompanied by a wind instrument, possibly some kind of flute.

1.     Prayer to be heard 5:1-3

David cried out to God to listen to this prayer that arose out of great concern. His references to praying in the morning show the earnestness of his petition and his felt need for God's help. The first thing David did when he awoke was to pray to God, because he sensed his need for God's assistance very keenly.

"Prayer to Him is his first work as he begins the day. … As the priests, with the early morning, lay the wood and pieces of the sacrifices of the Tamid upon the altar, so he brings his prayer before God as a spiritual sacrifice and looks out for an answer …"[146]

"… we are the fittest for prayer when we are in the most fresh, and lively, and composed frame, got clear of the slumbers of the night, revived by them, and not yet filled with the business of the day. We have then most need of prayer."[147]

The implication of David's words is that an injustice had been committed. He had been sighing. He viewed Yahweh as his King, who could deliver him, and as his God, who was his Father. VanGemeren regarded "my God" as the Old Testament equivalent of "Abba Father."[148]

2.     Praise for God's holiness 5:4-7

5:4-6          David was aware that the One whom he petitioned was absolutely upright. Consequently those who are boastful and presumptuous cannot count on standing before Him and finding favor in His eyes.

The Israelites' understanding of Yahweh was quite different from their unbelieving neighbors' beliefs about their pagan deities. In the ancient Near East generally, the concept of holiness was devoid of any concept of morality. To be holy, to the pagans, was to be like their gods. And their gods were like them: angry, lustful, selfish, vengeful, deceptive, manipulative, etc. The only difference was that the gods were powerful and lived forever. They were considered to be the source of both good and evil.[149]

To the Israelites, God was ideal in every way. So for the psalmist to say that "no evil can dwell with" God (v. 4), and that "You hate all who do injustice," was revolutionary. But this was the holiness of Yahweh that He had previously revealed and that David had learned.

"Rest assured, Christ will not live in the parlor of our hearts if we entertain the devil in the cellar of our thoughts."[150]

God hates and destroys liars, deceivers, and murderers.

"The LORD 'hates' the wicked in the sense that he despises their wicked character and deeds and actively opposes and judges them for their wickedness. See Ps 11:5."[151]

"… if He did not hate evil (xi. 5 [sic 4]), His love would not be a holy love."[152]

"If the Jews cursed more bitterly than the Pagans, this was, I think, at least in part because they took right and wrong more seriously. For if we look at their railings we find they are usually angry not simply because these things have been done to them but because these things are manifestly wrong, are hateful to God as well as to the victim."[153]

5:7             David did not claim a right to stand before God, and to present his petitions, on the basis of his own righteousness. He believed that God would be merciful to him because God had made promises to bless David and his house (2 Sam. 7). The king believed God would be loyal to His servant.

The Hebrew word hesed has been translated "graciousness" (NASB), "mercy" (AV, NKJV, NIV, CEV), "faithful love" (HCSB), "faithfulness" (NET2), "great love" (NEB TNIV), "steadfast love" (NRSV, ESV), and "unfailing love" (NLT).[154] It is one of the most wonderful Hebrew words that describes God's love for people. The psalmists used this word often.

The house and temple in view refer to the tabernacle that David had pitched for the ark in Jerusalem (2 Sam. 6:17; cf. 1 Sam. 1:7, 9). Rather than behaving arrogantly like the wicked, David prostrated himself before the LORD in worship. This posture expressed an attitude of humility and vulnerability in God's presence.

3.     Prayer for guidance 5:8-12

5:8             Essentially what David asked for was guidance in the righteous path that God trod; he did not want to walk in the way of the wicked (vv. 4-6; cf. Ps. 1). He wanted to see clearly the righteous way to live so that he would not wander from it. Departure from it was a possibility because of the influence of the wicked.

5:9             David mentioned a few of the sins of the wicked. They were untrustworthy in their speech. They determined to destroy rather than to edify. Their words led to death, and they were deceitful flatterers (cf. Rom. 3:13).

5:10           The king asked God (Elohim, the "Strong One") to hold the wicked guilty rather than let them escape the consequences of their sins. He asked that they be snared in their own traps, and that they be thrust out, probably from their positions of influence and even ultimately from God's presence. This was a legitimate request, because they had rebelled against the King in heaven by behaving contrary to His will.

"His prayer for their destruction comes not from a spirit of revenge, but from a spirit of prophecy, by which he foretold that all who rebel against God will certainly be destroyed by their own counsels."[155]

5:11-12      In contrast to the wicked, those who love God can count on His blessing and protection (cf. 4:8). They will respond to His care with joyful singing in praise of Him. This is the first of many references to singing in the Book of Psalms. "Your name," an expression found over 100 times in the Psalter, refers to the character and attributes of God as He has revealed these to human beings.

"…an attribute of God is whatever God has in any way revealed as being true of Himself."[156]

The whole psalm finds its focus in the faith expressed in verse 12. The Hebrew word translated "shield" here (v. 12, sinoh) describes a very large shield, like the one Goliath's shield-bearer carried (1 Sam. 17:7).

"A shield, in war, guards only one side, but the favour of God is to the saints a defence [sic] on every side; like the hedge about Job, round about, so that, while they keep themselves under the divine protection, they are entirely safe and ought to be entirely satisfied."[157]

God's people should seek God's help in prayer diligently, so we may perceive and walk in God's ways of righteousness. When we do so walk, we will experience His joy, protection, and fellowship—rather than sharing the fate of the wicked.[158]

"Perhaps the most important lesson contemporary humans can take from this psalm is that human hope is grounded in the essential character of God—a character that is constant and does not change regardless of the ebb and flow of human circumstances."[159]

Psalm 6

Many interpreters consider this psalm one of the penitential psalms, in which David repented for some sin that he had committed and for which he was suffering discipline However, it is an unusual penitential psalm in that it does not mention sin. This is the first of seven penitential psalms (cf. Pss. 32, 38, 51, 102, 130, 143).[160]

"It was the practice of the early Christians to sing and read the [penitential] psalms on Ash Wednesday as part of their penance for sin. In a strict sense, however, it is not a penitence psalm, for there is no confession of sin or prayer for forgiveness. The psalm is now categorized as an individual lament psalm."[161]

Other individual lament psalms are 3—5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 22—23, 27, 31—32, 35, 38—39, 41, 51, 57, 63, 69, 71, 88, 102—103, and 130.

"The enmity of the ungodly on this occasion awakens in this man David a sense of his being under the wrath of God. This conviction then weighs so terribly upon his mind that he fails in health and becomes physically much distressed. The physical ailment seems definitely to be the outcome of his spiritual pain."[162]

"If the previous psalms and prayers had to do with morning [Ps. 3] and evening [Ps. 4], this psalm has to do with the darkest night."[163]

We do not know what David did to bring on an illness that almost resulted in his death, or how this incident fits into the Scriptural record of his life. Having been chastened by the LORD, David asked for forgiveness. Then, with the assurance that God had heard him, he warned his adversaries to leave him alone, because God was about to shame them.

"… the psalm gives words to those who scarcely have the heart to pray, and brings them within sight of victory."[164]

"… it expresses at once the sorrow (verses 3, 6-7), the humiliation (verses 2, 4), and the hatred of sin (verse 8), which are the unfailing marks of the contrite spirit when it turns to God."[165]

1.     Plea for relief 6:1-3

6:1             A more literal translation of this verse would be, "O LORD, not in Your anger rebuke me; not in Your wrath chasten me." By putting the negative first, David emphasized the manner of the LORD's discipline. David knew his was no ordinary illness, but God had sent it as the consequence of some sin. He felt that God was dealing with him very severely, and he despaired of being able to endure much more suffering. Sometimes the LORD's discipline can be so harsh that we may conclude, falsely, that He is angry with us. Sometimes He does indeed chasten us to punish (discipline) us for our sins, but sometimes He does so to purify and to prove our love for Him (e.g., Job 1—2).

"Whither else should a child go with his complaints, but to his father?"[166]

6:2             The king then expressed his request positively. He begged for relief from his extreme discomfort. David spoke of his bones as representing his whole body (cf. 31:10; 32:3; 38:3; 42:10; 102:3, 5). This is a figure of speech called synecdoche, in which the writer uses a prominent part in place of the whole. It is a sad condition when one feels pain in his body and in his soul at the same time.

6:3             David's suffering was not just physical. It had led to the distress of his soul (Heb. nephesh, entire life) as well. "How long?" expresses the frustration that he felt. This figure of speech is called aposiopesis, in which a person breaks off speech prematurely, which gives added force to his or her emotions (cf. 90:13; 35:25 [margin]; 75:6).[167]

2.     Prayer for deliverance 6:4-5

6:4             David first appealed for deliverance from his ailment, begging God's mercy (hesed). God had promised to bless David and had delivered him many times before. The king besought Him to prove faithful to His character and save him again.

6:5             The second reason David cited was that if he died, he could not give God public praise for delivering him, and God would therefore not receive as much honor among His people as He would if He spared David's life. Believers in David's time had some revelation of life after death (cf. Job 19:25). David's expression here does not deny that knowledge. He was saying God would lose praise among the living if David died. Sheol was the place where Old Testament saints believed the spirits of the dead went. This term often occurs in the Old Testament as a synonym for death and the grave.

3.     Lament over illness 6:6-7

David described his condition in extreme (hyperbolic) language to indicate how terrible he felt.

"Few men have taken their sins so seriously."[168]

Evidently David's adversaries had been responsible for his condition to some extent, perhaps by inflicting a wound.

"From my own experience and pastoral ministry, I've learned that sickness and pain either make us better or bitter, and the difference is faith."[169]

4.     Assurance of recovery 6:8-10

Apparently David received an answer to his petition. It may have come through a prophet or just the inner conviction that he would recover (cf. 20:6; 22:21; 28:6; 31:19; 56:9; 69:30; 140:13). In any case, he closed this psalm with a warning to his adversaries (v. 8) to get out of his way. He was on the mend and would frustrate their attempts to supplant him. Jesus may have quoted the first part of this verse to Satan (Matt. 7:23).

Physical sickness is sometimes, but not always, chastening from the LORD (cf. 1 Cor. 11:30; 1 John 5:16; Job 1—2). God does not always grant recovery to His saints. Consequently, believers should not use this psalm to claim physical healing from the LORD. Nevertheless, sometimes God does remove His hand of chastening in response to prayer (cf. Exod. 32:9-14; James 5:13-16). This psalm is a good example of a prayer for deliverance based on the grace (v. 2), mercy (v. 4), and glory (v. 5) of God. God will or will not grant all such petitions, ultimately, on the basis of His infinite knowledge of what is best, all things considered (Mark 14:36).

Psalm 7

In the title, "shiggaion" probably means a poem with intense feeling.[170] Cush, the Benjamite, received no other mention elsewhere in the Bible. The Benjamites were, of course, King Saul's relatives who were hostile to David before and after David became king. Probably Cush was one of Saul's kinsmen who, like Doeg and the Ziphites, supported Saul and tried to do away with David.[171]

In this psalm David prayed for deliverance from his enemies on the ground that he was innocent, and he asked God to vindicate him by judging them. Elements of an individual lament (vv. 1-2), an oath (vv. 3-5), a psalm of Yahweh's kingship (vv. 6-12), and a thanksgiving hymn (v. 17) make designating this psalm's genre very difficult. Spurgeon called this psalm "the song of the slandered saint."[172]

1.     Petition for rescue 7:1-2

On the basis of God's protection of those who trust in Him, David asked for protection from those who were pursuing him, who were perhaps Saul's men (cf. 1 Sam. 22:8; 24:9; 26:19). He felt like a helpless lamb that a powerful, ferocious lion was about to tear apart (cf. 10:9; 17:12; 22:13, 21; 35:17; 57:4; 58:6). He believed no one but God could rescue him. The idea of God rescuing His own is a common one in the psalms.

2.     Protestation of innocence 7:3-5

7:3-4          David couched his claim to be innocent, of the offenses for which his enemies were pursuing him, in terms of an oath ("If … If … If … Let …"). This was a strong way to declare his freedom from guilt. Evidently his enemies had charged him with injustice, paying a friend back evil for good, and robbery. David may even have rescued or helped his enemy. Verse 4 can be translated: "I have delivered him who without cause was my adversary."[173]

"To do evil for good is human corruption; to do good for good is civil retribution; but to do good for evil is Christian perfection. Though this be not the grace of nature, yet it is the nature of grace."[174]

7:5             David was willing to die at his enemy's hand if he was guilty. The terms "soul," "life," and "glory" are synonyms, restating the fate of David in parallel terms.

3.     Appeal for vindication 7:6-9

7:6-7          David called on God—as the Judge of everyone—to act for him by providing justice in his case. He assumed that God would be angry with his enemies, since David was innocent and his adversaries were guilty. David anticipated that as a result of God's just judgment, the nation of Israel would rally around Him. Moreover, He would enjoy honor, when the people realized that He was ruling over them as their true King.[175]

7:8-9          One of God's functions as Judge is to vindicate the righteous and condemn the guilty. David called on Him to do that in his case. To vindicate means to show a righteous person to be righteous when others have accused him or her of being wicked. It is fitting for God to establish the righteous and to destroy the wicked, because He is righteous Himself.

"As we pray that the bad may be made good, so we pray that the good may be made better."[176]

4.     Description of justice 7:10-16

7:10-11      David counted on God to defend him as a shield, since God saves the upright in heart, and David was upright. His confidence lay also in God's righteous character. God would judge justly. Injustice touches His heart as well as His head. Even though God does not always judge as quickly as His people want, injustice does not escape His eye, and one day He will judge righteously (cf. 2 Pet. 3:9). In view of this, His people can leave vengeance up to Him (Rom. 12:19; Heb. 10:30).

"This Psalm is the key to all Psalms which contain prayers against one's enemies."[177]

7:12-13      David pictured God as a warrior going to battle against the wicked who refuse to repent. God always gives people opportunity to judge their own sinful behavior and turn from it, but if they refuse to judge themselves, He will judge them (cf. 1 Cor. 11:31).

"Turn or burn is the sinner's only alternative."[178]

7:14-16      The evil plots that the wicked conceive in their minds, and give birth to in their actions, will not turn out the way they hoped (cf. Mark 7:21-22; James 1:14-15). Rather than snaring the righteous in their traps, they themselves will be caught in them themselves. What they sow they will reap (cf. Exod. 21:24-25; Matt. 26:52; Gal. 6:7).

"One Felix, Earl of Wartenberg, one of the captains of the Emperor Charles V, swore in the presence of divers [various people] at supper that before he died he would ride up to the spurs in the blood of the Lutherans. Here was one that burned in malice, but behold how God works His arrows against him; that very night the hand of God so struck him that he was strangled and choked in his own blood; so he rode not, but bathed himself, not up to the spurs, but up to the throat, not in the blood of the Lutherans, but in his own blood before he died."[179]

"I have been astonished at the recklessness with which wells and pits are left uncovered and unprotected all over this country [i.e. Palestine]. It argues a disregard of life which is highly criminal. I once saw a blind man walk right into one of these unprotected wells. He fell to the bottom, but, as it was soft sand, he was not so much injured as frightened."[180]

"Ashes always fly back in the face of him that throws them."[181]

5.     Promise to praise 7:17

David closed this psalm with a vow to thank and praise God for His righteousness.

"The attribute of God's righteousness is what he does or will do on behalf of his own."[182]

Even though God had not yet vindicated him, David's reflection on the character and activities of the LORD encouraged him to believe that God would do so at the proper time. He described God as the "Most High," a title used three times in this psalm in the NIV (vv. 8, 10, 17) that pictures Him as sovereign, exalted on His heavenly throne (cf. Gen. 14:18-24).

Reflection on God's character and ways of working can encourage God's people to trust in Him and praise Him when we experience injustice and hostility from the wicked.

"Someone has suggested that over this psalm should be written: 'Shall not the judge of all the earth do right?'"[183]

Psalm 8

In this psalm of creation praise (cf. Pss. 33, 104, 145), David marveled at the fact that God had committed the dominion of the earth to mankind, and he reflected on the dignity of human beings. Other commonly recognized psalms of praise are 19, 29, 33, 47, 65—66, 68, 93, 96—100, 104—106, 111, 113—114, 117, 134—136, and 145—150. Some students of this psalm have called it a nature psalm, and some see it as messianic (cf. Matt. 21:16; Heb. 2:6-8).[184] One called it "the song of the astronomer."[185] The poet commented on Genesis 1:26-28 by clarifying the importance and role of humanity in creation.[186] Thus this psalm also has elements that are present in wisdom psalms.

"These psalms of creation provide a sure and bold beginning point for the full world of psalmic faith."[187]

According to Richard Davidson, references or allusions to creation appear in over 50 of the 150 psalms.[188]

"This psalm is an unsurpassed example of what a hymn should be, celebrating as it does the glory and grace of God, rehearsing who He is and what He has done, and relating us and our world to Him; all with a masterly economy of words, and in a spirit of mingled joy and awe."[189]

The meaning of the Hebrew word Gittith, in the superscription, is obscure, but it probably refers to a musical tune or instrument, or it may be a liturgical term.

1.     Introductory reflection on God's majesty 8:1-2

8:1             This psalm begins and ends with the same expression of wonder (forming an inclusio) as David reflected on the splendor and magnificence of God as Creator. He addressed God as LORD (Yahweh, the covenant keeping God of Israel) our Lord (Adonai, the sovereign over all His creation, including His people).

"It is the name Yahweh, with all its attendant mystery and revelation about the nature of Israel's God, that the psalmist of Psalm 8 pronounces 'majestic.' It is a majestic name for a majestic God, who promises to be with us, continues to reveal himself to us in each and every new circumstance, and yet remains forever beyond our power to control or manipulate to our own purpose."[190]

In the second line (Gr. stich; Lat. colon) David meant: God's revealed character (His "name," cf. 7:17) is high above all creation. That is, He is much greater than anything He has made. This statement refutes the philosophy of pantheism, which is that God is in everything and everything is God. No, God is separate from His creation and in authority over it.

The third line expresses a parallel thought. Not only is God above the heavens, but His splendor (magnificence, impressiveness, beauty) exceeds that of the heavens.

8:2             In addition to the earth and the heavens, even the weakest human beings bring praise to their Creator. David's point was that even small children acknowledge and honor God, whereas older, more sophisticated adults often deny Him (cf. Matt. 21:16). God has chosen to use the weak things of this world to correct the strong (cf. 1 Cor. 1:27). Reportedly the young child of an atheist couple once asked his parents, "Do you think God knows we don't believe in Him?"

"… unbiased and uncorrupted minds recognize God without difficulty from His creation."[191]

2.     Man's place in God's creation 8:3-8

In view of God's greatness and humankind's relative lowliness, it was marvelous to the psalmist that God would entrust His creation to men and women.

8:3-4          In view of the insignificance of mankind, compared with the rest of creation, especially the heavenly bodies, David marveled that God would even think about human beings (cf. 62:9; 144:3-4; Job 7:17; 25:4-6; Isa. 40:6; Ezek. 16:1-5).

"The Creator has established two spheres of rule: heaven and earth. He has established the celestial bodies in the firmament and has given them the rule over day and night (Gen 1:17-18), whereas he appointed man to govern the earth (Gen 1:28)."[192]

Whenever the psalmist looked up into the heavens—during the day or at night—he was reminded of God's greatness. David spoke of the sun, moon, and starry host as God's finger-work. This figure—of God doing something with His "fingers"—stresses God's care and skill, comparing Him to a sculptor. It was as easy for God to create the universe with his "fingers," as it is for a man to make something with his fingers, rather than by using his arms and whole body—it required so little effort. Genesis 1 describes God as creating the whole material universe with just a few words.

"In contrast to God, the heavens are tiny, pushed and prodded into shape by the divine digits; but in contrast to the heavens, which seem so vast in the human perception, it is mankind that is tiny."[193]

The Hebrew word translated "man" (v. 4) is 'enosh, which elsewhere describes man as a weak, mortal being.

"God's remembering ["You are concerned about him," v. 4) always implies his movement toward the object of his memory."[194]

8:5             The NIV, TNIV, NET2, and ESV translations have interpreted the Hebrew word elohim as meaning "heavenly beings." The AV and NKJV versions have interpreted it as meaning "angels." However, this word usually refers to God Himself (NASB, NRSV, HCSB, CEV), and we should probably understand it in this sense here, too.[195] God made man a little lower than Himself, in His own image, which no other created beings bear (Gen. 1:27).

David did not say that God made man a little higher than the animals. Many scholars believe that the image of God includes what God has enabled man to do, as well as what he is. This includes ruling over lower forms of life (Gen. 1:26), as God rules over all.

God has crowned man with glory and majesty by giving him the authority to rule over creation as His agent. Of course, man has failed to do what God created him to do (Heb. 2:6-8). Jesus Christ, the last Adam (1 Cor. 15:45, 47), will fulfill mankind's destiny when He returns to earth and brings all creation under His control (1 Cor. 15:27-28).

"Nowhere is man's dignity asserted more clearly and boldly than in this passage. But we again remind the reader that the reference is to man before the fall."[196]

8:6-8          God placed all living creatures under the control of Adam and Eve before the Fall, and when they fell, He did not withdraw Adam and Eve's responsibility (cf. Gen. 9:1-3, 7). But because they sinned, human beings have never been able to fulfill the destiny for which God created them, namely, to rule as kings of the earth. Man's responsibility is to maintain order in creation, not to let it control him. Man may use any animals, domesticated or wild, for his purposes, including food (Gen. 9:3; 1 Tim. 4:3-5). Man has tamed, and even domesticated, many kinds of animals, but he finds it impossible to control himself without divine assistance (James 3:7-8). Unfortunately, he has also abused the creation over which God gave him responsibility.

"In Ps. 2 Christ is seen as God's Son and King, rejected and crucified but yet to reign in Zion. In Ps. 8, while His Deity is fully recognized (v. 1; Ps. 110 with Mt. 22:41-46), He is seen as Son of man (vv. 4-6) who, 'made [for] a little [while] lower than the angels,' is to have dominion over the redeemed creation (Heb. 2:6-11). Thus this Psalm speaks primarily of what God bestowed upon the human race as represented in Adam (Gen. 1:26, 28). That which the first man lost, the second Man and 'last Adam' more than regained. Hebrews 2:6-11, in connection with Ps. 8 and Rom. 8:17-21, shows that the 'many sons' whom He is bringing to glory are joint heirs with Him in both the royal right of Ps. 2 and the human right of Heb. 2."[197]

3.     Concluding reflection on God's majesty 8:9

This psalm closes with a repetition of David's amazement at God's superlative majesty, compared with man's majesty (cf. v. 1).

"The God who can create such a being as man is must indeed be superlatively great."[198]

"The universe testifies to the power and glory of God but somewhat as a foil against which to measure the centrality of humankind in the divine design. But beyond this is the perfect One of whom men and women at their best are only a dim foreshadow—Jesus Christ the Savior and Lord."[199]

The whole psalm extols the majesty of God. He is a remarkable sovereign because He has entrusted His magnificent creation to feeble humankind. While this psalm points out the frailty and failures of man as God's vice-regent, it also glorifies man as being the capstone of creation and God's chief concern in creation.[200]

Psalm 9

The Septuagint translators combined Psalms 9 and 10 into one psalm, even though they are separate in the Hebrew text. Consequently, from this psalm through Psalm 147, the numbering of the psalms in the Roman Catholic versions of the Bible differs from the numbering in the Protestant versions. The Roman Catholic versions follow the Septuagint (Greek) and Vulgate (Latin) versions, whereas the Protestant versions follow the Hebrew Bible. Twice the Septuagint translators combined or renumbered two psalms into one (Pss. 9 and 10 into 9, and Pss. 114 and 115 into 113), and twice they divided two psalms into four (Ps. 116 into 114 and 115, and Ps. 147 into 146 and 147).[201] Psalms 32 and 33, and 105 and 106 also seem to go together.[202]

The Septuagint translators evidently combined Psalms 9 and 10 for two reasons: First, together they complete a somewhat modified acrostic in which each verse (almost) begins with the succeeding letter of the Hebrew alphabet.[203] Second, the same unusual terms (in Hebrew), and the same basic structure, occur in both psalms, suggesting that they may have been linked originally. In spite of the similarities, the differences between Psalms 9 and 10 justify their separation. Each psalm is complete in itself and has its own purpose. Psalm 9 is a positive song of thanksgiving, whereas Psalm 10 is a negative complaint and petition dealing with the godless. Psalm 9 is very national, but Psalm 10 is very personal. Both psalms are individual laments.

J. Vernon McGee believed that Psalms 9 through 15 deal with the Great Tribulation and the people who will live during this time: specifically Antichrist and the Jewish remnant.[204] Whereas these psalms may apply to this period—in that what is said in these psalms corresponds to some extent to what people living in the Tribulation will experience—I do not think that they were written primarily as prophecy of this period.

David praised God for demonstrating His righteousness in judging wicked nations in Psalm 9. He expressed gratitude that the afflicted can trust in such a Judge. He concluded with a petition that the LORD would remove affliction from him so that he could honor God by thanking Him for His deliverance. He did not identify his enemy specifically, perhaps to enable the Israelites to use this individual lament as a community lament.

In the title, the word "Muth-labben" can mean "Death to the Son" or "Death of a Son," and it was probably a tune title.[205]

1.     Praise for righteous judgment 9:1-12

This first section of this psalm speaks of God as the righteous Judge in whom the afflicted may hope.

9:1-2          In view of the aspects of Yahweh's character that he would yet describe, David said he would thank God wholeheartedly. He would announce His extraordinary works publicly, rejoice in Him, and sing the praises of the Most High.[206]

"Gratitude for one mercy refreshes the memory as to thousands of others. One silver link in the chain draws up a long series of tender remembrances. Here is eternal work for us, for there can be no end to the showing forth of all His deeds of love."[207]

9:3-6          Here are the reasons for David's delight: God had vindicated him by punishing the nations that had opposed him as God's vice-regent. God had given a thorough victory. The cities of some of his enemies and even their names had perished, suggesting the complete annihilation of these groups, perhaps tribes or smaller nations. Behind his own throne, David saw Yahweh ruling in heaven and granting him the victory.

9:7-8          In contrast to those whose names had perished (v. 5), the LORD's name would abide forever, because He will rule forever as a righteous Judge. In view of this, those most in need of a righteous judge to give them justice, namely, the afflicted and the oppressed, may flee to Him in their distress. The basis of hope in prayer is the belief that the LORD rules.

9:9-10        The figure of God as a refuge occurs often in the psalms. A stronghold (Heb. misgob, lit. "mountain refuge," also translated "refuge" and "fortress") is a high place of security and protection. When David fled from Saul, he often took refuge in strongholds (1 Sam. 23:14, 19, 29). However, he regarded the LORD Himself as the best of these (cf. Matt. 28:20; Heb. 13:5).

"To know the name of God was the Old Testament equivalent of saving faith in the New Testament."[208]

9:11-12      David closed this pericope (section) of praise (vv. 1-12) by appealing to the afflicted and oppressed to praise God and testify to others about God's care of them. The NIV and marginal NASB reading "avenges bloodshed" (v. 12) more clearly expresses David's thought than "requires blood" (cf. Gen. 9:5).

2.     Petition for present deliverance 9:13-20

Since God had proved faithful to uphold the afflicted righteous in the past, David called on Him to deliver him from his present evil enemies.

9:13-14      The psalmist appealed for God's grace: by defending him from the attacks of those who hated him. God could save him from death. If He would do so, David promised to praise the LORD publicly among His people in Jerusalem. The "daughter of Zion" is a metaphor for the city of God (e.g., Isa. 1:8; 10:32) and the people of God (e.g., Mic. 4:8). Here the city of God, Jerusalem, is in view.

9:15-16      These verses are probably an expression of David's confidence, that the LORD would deliver him, in anticipation of that deliverance (cf. Rev. 18:2). The psalmist had already seen the wicked ensnared in their own traps many times, and he was sure this would happen again (cf. 7:15).

"Perhaps the most striking instance on record, next to Haman on his own gallows, is one connected with the horrors of the French Revolution, in which we are told that, 'within nine months of the death of the queen Marie Antoinette by the guillotine, everyone implicated in her untimely end, her accusers, the judges, the jury, the prosecutors, the witnesses, all, every one at least whose fate is known, perished by the same instrument as their innocent victim.'"[209]

"The wages that sin bargains with the sinner are life, pleasure, and profit; but the wages it pays him with are death, torment, and destruction. He that would understand the falsehood and deceit of sin must compare its promises and its payment together."[210]

"Higgaion" is probably a musical notation specifying quieter music.[211]

9:17-18      David contrasted the ends of the wicked and the oppressed needy. He set those who forget God opposite those who remember Him. In Old Testament usage, remembering God is a term that describes continuing to have faith in God. Forgetting God pictures the opposite, namely, turning away from God. The LORD will not forget those who remember Him (trust in Him), but those who forget Him have no hope of escaping death when they need deliverance from it (cf. Matt. 25:31-46).

9:19-20      David concluded this psalm with a request for God to remind the nations of their frail mortality—by judging them. Hopefully this would mean that they would stop opposing the godly. Again (cf. 8:4), David used the word 'enosh ("mankind" and "human") to emphasize man in his frail mortality (cf. Gen. 3:19; Ps. 8:4; 39:11; 144:4).

God's people should remember God's past acts of deliverance and praise Him publicly for them as we face the opposition of wicked enemies of righteousness. On the basis of God's past faithfulness, we can have confidence in His protection in our present and future distresses.

Psalm 10

This lament psalm is a prayer for immediate help in affliction. It contains a powerful description of the wicked who oppose God and attack His people. The focus of the previous psalm was on the judgment to come, but in this one it is on the present.

"The problem in Psalm 9 is the enemy invading from without, while the problem in Psalm 10 is the enemy corrupting and destroying from within."[212]

"There is not, in my judgment, a Psalm which describes the mind, the manners, the works, the words, the feelings, and the fate of the ungodly with so much propriety, fullness, and light, as this Psalm."[213]

According to Luther (just quoted), Augustine understood this psalm to be descriptive of Antichrist.

1.     Description of the wicked 10:1-11

The emphasis in this part of the psalm is the problem of theodicy: the justice of God in the face of the prosperity of wicked Israelites. Like the Book of Job, the psalm does not resolve the problem but refocuses on God (v. 14).

10:1           The psalm begins with two questions that voice the psalmist's frustration as much as his ignorance. David could not understand why God did not act for His afflicted people. The word "why" occurs three times in this psalm: twice here and once in verse 13. The NIV and TNIV translations have it four times: twice here and twice in verse 13.

"The frequent question beginning with 'why' always describes a situation of frustration and forsakenness."[214]

10:2-7        David colorfully pictured the wicked who oppress the righteous in graphic terms, in this section of verses. They are proud, boastful, greedy, blasphemous, arrogant, haughty, self-sufficient, prosperous, careless about God, belligerent, self-confident, complacent, abusive, deceitful, oppressive, destructive, mischievous, and wicked. They opposed both God and His people with their speech, as well as in their actions (cf. Rom. 3:14).

"'Pride' is a vice which cleaveth so fast unto the hearts of men, that if we were to strip ourselves of all faults one by one, we should undoubtedly find it the very last and hardest to put off."[215]

10:8-11      Using the figures of a predatory animal, like a lion, and a hunter, like a fisherman, David described how the wicked cunningly pursue and ensnare the righteous in their traps. The fact that God does not punish them more quickly encourages them to continue their destructive work.

"The thought of a personal God would disturb the ungodly in his doings, he therefore prefers to deny His existence, and thinks: there is only fate and fate is blind, only an absolute and it has no eyes, only a notion and that cannot interfere in the affairs of men."[216]

2.     Cry for vengeance 10:12-18

10:12-15    David appealed to God to act for the righteous against the wicked (vv. 12, 15; an inclusio). He could not understand why God allowed the wicked to continue to spurn Him. It was not because their actions had escaped the LORD's notice. "Thou hast seen it" (v. 14) is a frequent expression of faith in God in the lament psalms. Beside this, the righteous were trusting in Him, and He had helped the helpless in the past. David wanted God to break the power (symbolized by the arm) of the wicked and to search out and destroy all their wickedness until it disappeared. Compare 9:12, where the same Hebrew word occurs as in verse 15. The translators have rendered it "requires blood" or "avenges" (NIV) there, and "seek out" or "call … to account" (NIV) here.

10:16-18    These closing verses express the psalmist's confidence that God had heard his petition. Because Yahweh is sovereign, the ultimate authority in the universe, the nations that refused to submit to Him would perish. God's land was Canaan, but in a larger sense the whole world is His land, since He is King of all creation. In view of who God is, David was confident that, even though God did not judge the wicked immediately, He would do so eventually.

"He that protects us is the Lord of heaven; he that persecutes us is but a man of the earth."[217]

"So the psalm which ran its course in a minor key ends in a major key."[218]

Some scholars believed that the nations referred to here stand for the wicked in Israel who behaved like the heathen nations.[219] This is possible, but I prefer a more natural interpretation: that the nations refer to nations that God had driven out of the Promised Land.

This psalm, as the preceding one, ends with a reference to the frail mortality of man ('enosh, v. 18; cf. 8:4; 9:19-20; et al.), who is bound to the earth, in contrast to God. In view of God's power, it is not right for Him to allow frail man to terrorize his fellow human beings. Nevertheless, since God is sovereign, only He can decide when to step in and judge the wicked.[220]

God's delay in executing justice disturbs the righteous. We can live with this frustration because we know God is powerful enough to avenge the defenseless. He is also sovereign and just. Furthermore, His past acts of deliverance should encourage us as we wait for Him to bring justice to pass in the world. This is a good psalm to read when you feel abandoned.[221]

Psalm 11

David appears to have been fleeing from an enemy when he wrote this psalm, but we do not know the exact background incident. He expressed confidence that, even though lawful authority might perish, the godly can trust in the LORD to punish the wicked and deliver the righteous. The central issue in this psalm of individual lament, with emphases on trust and thanksgiving, is the persecution of the righteous by the wicked (cf. Ps. 73).

"David, at the different periods of his life, was placed in almost every situation in which a believer, whether rich or poor, can be placed; in these heavenly compositions, he delineates all the workings of the heart. To assist us to remember this short but sweet Psalm, we shall give it the name of 'the Song of the Stedfast [sic].'"[222]

"Perhaps among all the psalms none reveals more perfectly the strong hold of faith."[223]

1.     Counsel of despair 11:1-3

11:1           As a principle of life, David sought refuge from his enemies in the LORD, his Stronghold. Consequently, when his counselors urged him to run and hide in a physical stronghold, he refused to do so (cf. Matt. 16:22; Acts 21:12). He regarded Yahweh as a much more secure refuge than any physical fortress. Fleeing as a bird describes quick escape to a distant and secure place (cf. 55:6; 124:7).

Some of the "mountains" to which people flee today, in view of the threat of crumbling foundations, are survivalism, racial supremacy, cultural isolation, cultural assimilation, and various other forms of escapism.[224]

11:2           The wicked were attacking the upright, and David in particular. He was the target of their deadly missiles. They may have been shooting at him literally, or he may have been under verbal attack.

11:3           David's faint-hearted counselors evidently felt the very foundations of their nation were in danger of being destroyed, namely, the Mosaic Law and the institutions of Judaism.[225] They felt distressed to the point of distraction over this possibility. Many faint-hearted people behave similarly today when they see foundational elements of their society under attack.

"Sinning times have ever been the saints' praying times. Yes, this they may and should do, 'fast and pray.' There is yet a God in heaven to be sought to, when a people's deliverance is thrown beyond the help of human policy or power."[226]

"God sometimes 'shakes things' so that His people will work on building the church and not focus on maintaining the scaffolding (Heb. 12:25-29; Hag. 2:6)."[227]

2.     Confidence in God 11:4-7

11:4           David's perspective included God's throne in heaven, the symbol of His royal rule and authority to judge. There he visualized Yahweh sitting in perfect control over the nation He had created and promised to maintain (cf. 2:4; Hab. 2:20). The pagans thought their gods resided in heavenly temples, but Yahweh really did. The anthropomorphic description of God's eyes and eyelids (parallelism) portrays His close scrutiny and precise awareness of all that was going on in Israel. He was not unaware of His people's plight.

11:5           The LORD's testing refers to Him examining the righteous and the wicked. He sets Himself against people who love what He hates, including violence, in opposition to His will. Normally I think it is appropriate to make the distinction that God loves the sinner but hates his sin (cf. John 3:16). But this is one place where we read that God hates sinners. I think He hates them in the sense that He hates what they do.

11:6           God will eventually punish those who oppose His will. He may use any of a multitude of traps and punishments at His disposal. David seems to have had the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah in mind when he wrote this verse (cf. Gen 19:24; Ezek. 38:22).

11:7           God hates violence and will punish it (vv. 5-6), but He loves righteousness and will reward it with His fellowship, presence, protection, and favor. He will admit the godly to His presence, and they will enjoy His blessings. This is a greater prize than physical safety.

From time to time it seems as though society as we know it is crumbling around us. The prophets of doom counsel us to take drastic measures to preserve ourselves or we will perish, they say. The godly should remember that God is still in control, and He will take care of those who trust in Him and behave in harmony with His will.

"Our Lord Jesus also had confidence in the Father when he faced the temptations of Satan and the hostility of people. When our hearts trust in him, he has promised to help us in crisis situations. Confidence in the Lord is a mark of Christian maturity."[228]

Psalm 12

David placed great confidence in the promises of God to deliver those who look to Him for salvation. This was not easy for the psalmist to do, since in his day powerful wicked people were taking advantage of the weak and vulnerable (cf. 11:3). The genre of this psalm is probably a community lament, with a statement of confidence in God. Spurgeon titled it "Good Thoughts in Bad Times."[229]

The Hebrew word in the superscription sheminith means "the eighth," which has been interpreted to mean "upon an eight-stringed lyre."  Another view is that it refers to a male choir.[230]

1.     Plea for deliverance 12:1-4

The multitude of liars and deceivers that surrounded David moved him to cry out to God for deliverance for the godly minority among his people.

12:1-2        It seemed to David, as it did to Elijah years later, that the godly had almost become extinct in Israel (cf. 11:2-3; 1 Kings 19:10). Liars and double-minded flatterers had gradually replaced people who were true to their word and commitments. David used hyperbolic language, but he used it to remind God, indirectly, of His covenant promises to bless the godly.

"Advertising and law (and I should add politics here!) are only examples of the more obvious contexts in which language is exploited and twisted for gain."[231]

"The death, departure, or decline of godly men should be a trumpet-call for more prayer."[232]

"Faithful" (v. 1) is hasid that relates to hesed, which means loyal love or covenant loyalty.

12:3-4        David wished the LORD would end the flattery and arrogant claims of those around him. They confidently believed they could accomplish anything they chose to do by their lies and deception. They also repudiated any restraint of their free speech (cf. James 3:5). Free speech is a privilege, but, like every privilege, it carries with it responsibility, and our primary responsibility when we speak is to please God with what we say and how we say it.

2.     Assurance of deliverance 12:5

We do not know how David received the assurance that God would deal with the liars that troubled him. It was a prophetic insight, and it may have come directly from God or through another prophet. However, in view of the verses that follow, the psalmist perceived it as an authoritative promise from God. This is the first of several psalms that contain an answering revelation from the LORD (cf. Pss. 60, 81, 95).

3.     Confidence in God's promise 12:6-8

12:6           In contrast to the promises of the liars that so frustrated David, the LORD's promise that he had received (v. 5) was absolutely pure (flawless) and very precious. He could rely on it completely. Seven was the number the Israelites associated with the perfect work of God, going back to the creation of the cosmos in seven days.

"The Bible has passed through the furnace of persecution, literary criticism, philosophic doubt, and scientific discovery, and has lost nothing but those human interpretations which clung to it as alloy to precious ore."[233]

12:7           The "them" and "him" in this verse probably refer to the vulnerable godly mentioned in verse 5. The NIV calls them "us." Alternatively, David may have meant God's promises (v. 6), but this seems less likely. David received encouragement and confidence, from the Word of God, that assured him of divine protection from the smug liars that he found on every hand.

12:8           When people pursue lives of vanity and vile conduct, verbal deception abounds, but God will preserve the godly. "The sons of mankind," repeated from verse 1, thus forming an inclusio for this psalm, stresses the mortality of the wicked (cf. Isa. 2:22). David did not resolve the problem of evil, but he recognized that evil is under the full sovereignty of Yahweh who will care for His children.

"Vileness ('cheapness') is promoted and exalted in the media: immorality, brutality, murder, lies, drunkenness, nudity, the love of money, the abuse of authority. The things that God condemns are now a means of universal entertainment, and the entertainment industry gives awards to the people who produce these things. People boast about things they ought to be ashamed of (Phil. 3:18-19)."[234]

Many believers live and work in environments very similar to the one David pictured in this psalm. This psalm should be a comfort when they feel that speaking the truth is futile. God will preserve those who purpose to follow Him when they must live in atmospheres polluted by deceit and corrupt speech. Though no one else's word may be reliable, His is.

"The church is always one generation short of extinction, so we must be faithful to win the lost and teach the believers, or vileness will conquer the land."[235]

Psalm 13

Like several of the preceding psalms, this one is also a prayer that the psalmist offered in the midst of affliction. David rested in confidence in the LORD even though he saw no immediate relief from his predicament, possibly illness or mental distress. This individual lament psalm designed for community use begins with sobbing and ends with singing.

"We have been wont to call this the 'How-Long Psalm.' We had almost said the Howling Psalm, from the incessant repletion of the cry, 'How long?'"[236]

"The Psalm consists of … three groups of decreasing magnitude. A long deep sigh is followed, as from a relieved breast, by an already much more gentle and half calm prayer; and this again by the believing joy which anticipates the certainty of being answered. This song as it were casts up constantly lessening waves, until it becomes still as the sea when smooth as a mirror, and the only motion discernible at last is that of the joyous ripple of calm repose."[237]

1.     Lament over prolonged suffering 13:1-2

Rhetorical questions expressed David's frustration and sought to move God to action (cf. 6:3). God had apparently forgotten His servant or was hiding from him (cf. Exod. 2:24-25). Having no word from the LORD, David had to listen to his own reasoning that he regarded as a poor substitute. In the meantime, his enemy continued to enjoy the upper hand.

"Psalm 13 is indeed a speech of disorientation. Something is terribly wrong in the life of the speaker, and in the life of the speaker with God."[238]

"It is a common temptation, when trouble lasts long, to think it will last always; despondency then turns into despair, and those that have long been without joy begin, at last, to be without hope."[239]

We are all familiar with a similar kind of testing in everyday experience. What dog owner, for instance, has not measured and extended his pet’s obedience by training him to sit and wait? What parent has not nurtured his child’s trust by telling him to stay in a certain place until he returns? And what parent has not also been distressed when that same child was unwilling to wait but quickly ran off on his own?

2.     Petition for an answer 13:3-4

David needed information and wisdom in view of his need. If he did not receive them from the LORD soon, he despaired of life. "Lightening the eyes" refers to refreshing one's vital powers (cf. 1 Sam. 14:27, 29; Ezra 9:8).[240] If he died, his enemy, who was also the LORD's enemy, since David was God's representative, would conclude he had overcome him and would rejoice. The "sleep of death" may be a metaphor for deep depression and suffering.[241]

"His thought is dominated by one anxiety only, the anxiety that he might waver in his faith and lose confidence in God and so might provide for his adversaries the opportunity of gaining an easy victory [cf. Num. 14:15-16]."[242]

"Awareness of God and the enemy is virtually the hallmark of every psalm of David; the positive and negative charge which produced the driving-force of his best years."[243]

"We do not need to engage in any ontological speculation about whether God knows this [problem] before the speech is spoken. Inside the psalm the speech proceeds on the assumption that Yahweh is now being told what Yahweh needs to know. And that, of course, is the premise on which all serious prayer operates."[244]

3.     Trust in eventual deliverance 13:5-6

In spite of God's lack of response, David continued to trust in the LORD's loyal love. He was confident that Yahweh would eventually deliver him and that he would rejoice in the LORD and sing praises to Him. The basis of this confidence was God's bountiful goodness to him in the past. The goodness of God is a recurring theme in the psalms.

"The actual song of praise would burst forth once deliverance had been accomplished, but the knowledge that deliverance was coming created an anticipatory calm and sense of confidence."[245]

When God is not responding, we need to focus on His goodness. David focused on God, and this enabled him to praise God.

"The three pairs of verses climb up from the depths to a fine vantage-point of confidence and hope. If the path is prayer (3f.), the sustaining energy is the faith expressed in verse 5. The prospect from the summit (5) is exhilarating, and the retrospect (6) overwhelming."[246]

When the heavens seem to be brass and we feel God has departed from us, we should continue to trust Him and wait for His salvation. We can find encouragement by remembering His past loyal love and goodness to us.[247]

Psalm 14

This reflective psalm and Psalm 53 are almost identical.

"The simplest explanation for the double occurrence of the psalm in the Psalter seems to be that it appeared in each of two earlier collections, which were later combined."[248]

The commentators take differing views concerning the genre since elements of individual lament, wisdom, prophetic, communal lament, and philosophical psalms are all present in this one. Merrill called it a psalm of exhortation.[249]

The failures of human beings that he experienced, and the knowledge that God will judge folly and corruption, led David to long for the establishment of God's kingdom on the earth. The psalmist's perspective was very broad in this psalm. He spoke of the godly and the ungodly, and he noted their antagonism throughout history.

"Psalm 14 brings to a climax 9—13, featuring enemies and their antagonism, so suggesting a reason: their practical atheism."[250]

1.     David's appraisal of humanity 14:1-3

14:1           A fool (Heb. nabal) is a person who has a problem in his or her heart more than in the head. He does not take God into account as he goes about living and is therefore morally insensitive (cf. 1 Sam. 25:25; Isa. 32:4-7). He may or may not really be an atheist, and he is not necessarily ignorant, but he lives as though there is no God.

"There is within the human mind, and indeed by natural instinct, an awareness of divinity. This we take to be beyond controversy."[251]

"The idea of one God, profound and sublime though it may be, is nevertheless quite a simple one. It is not necessary to suppose that mankind progressed through thousands of years before the idea occurred to anyone. In fact, there is abundant scriptural evidence that the idea is innate (see Ps 14:1; 53:1; Ro 1:19-20; Ac 17:22-24; Heb 11:6). It was only by the prolonged and perverse application of men's minds to the particularism of nature that the ancient world came to be peopled with a multitude of deities."[252]

"Knowing what we do about the universe today, only a madman would say that there is no God."[253]

"On earth are atheists many,

In hell there is not any."[254]

The fool's conclusion leads him to disregard the revelations that God has given of Himself, attention to which are essential for wise living (cf. Prov. 1:7; Rom. 1:22). Instead, he gives himself over to corrupt living and deeds that are vile in the sight of God. Really, David observed, there is no one who does what is good in the sight of God on his own (unmoved and unaided by the Spirit of God). If we did not have the Apostle Paul's exposition of the depravity of man in Romans 1—3, we might conclude that David's statement was emotional hyperbole (cf. Rom. 3:11-18).

14:2           God does indeed look down on all people to assess our condition (cf. Gen. 6:5; 11:5; 18:21). The Hebrew verb says that God bent over to look. The arrogant materialist of verse 1 is only one example of humanity in general.

14:3           All human beings have turned aside from the wise way of fearing the LORD (cf. Gen. 6:5-6; 11:1-9). The result is that they have become corrupt (Heb. alah, lit. sour, like milk) morally. Not one solitary individual does good in the sight of God on his own initiative and in his own strength (cf. Rom. 3:23). It is for this reason that no one can be acceptable to God on the merit of his own works. All need the goodness (righteousness) that only God can provide for us.

"Sin is the disease of mankind, and it appears here to be malignant and epidemic."[255]

2.     God's punishment of the wicked 14:4-6

"Three things he [the psalmist] shows them [the sinners], which, it may be, they are not very willing to see—their wickedness, their folly, and their danger."[256]

14:4           David marveled at the ignorance of the wicked who disregard God and consequently have no regard for His people.

14:5           The wicked are in a dangerous position because God is in the midst of His people. When evildoers persecute the godly, they bring God's punishment on themselves.

"'Generation,' as so often, has here gone over from the meaning of people of a given period to a special class of people even as we also use the word."[257]

14:6           They may seek to frustrate the plans of those they afflict, but God will vindicate His own because they trust in Him. The figure of God as the refuge of His people occurs also in 46:1; 61:3; 62:7-8; 71:7; 73:28; and 91:2 and 9.

3.     David's longing for God's kingdom 14:7

In the context, the enemy of God's people is all the ungodly of the world from the beginning of history. David longed for God to save His people from these wicked antagonists. Zion was the place where the ark of the covenant and the LORD resided. David spoke of God Himself delivering His people from all their godless enemies. When David wrote, the godly were captive to the wicked in the sense that the wicked were devouring them (v. 4). Nevertheless the psalmist was confident that the LORD would deliver Israel from the wicked and restore their fortunes. When He did, Israel would rejoice and be glad. Premillenarians believe this will take place when Jesus Christ returns to earth and sets up His righteous rule for 1,000 years (cf. Zeph. 3:14-16; Matt. 6:10; Rom. 11:26-27; Rev. 20:1-6).[258]

The time is coming when God will put down all wickedness and judge all the ungodly. That revelation helps His people maintain hope as they continue to experience the antagonism and persecution of those who choose to disregard God.

"The intent of Psalm 14 is to counter the temptation that humankind can manage the world in ways better than Yahweh's way (cf. Isa. 55:8-9). The alternative of the haughty ones is to reorder life's good for their own benefit at the expense of the vulnerable ones (cf. Ezek. 34:20-24). The psalm asserts and guarantees that life will not be so easily reorganized. God's will endures. God has made the world with some built-in protections for the weak against the strong, and that must not be mocked (cf. Isa. 10:12-14)."[259]

Psalm 15

In this psalm, David reflected on the importance of a pure character for those who would worship God and have an intimate relationship with Him. Stylistically, it begins with a question and ends with a promise (cf. Isa. 33:14-16). This style marks the wisdom literature, and many scholars consider this a wisdom psalm.[260] Brueggemann classified it as a Torah psalm.[261] The godly person in this psalm contrasts with the ungodly in the previous one.

"The pattern of question and answer here may possibly be modelled [sic] on what took place at certain sanctuaries in the ancient world, with the worshipper asking the conditions of admittance, and the priest making his reply. But while the expected answer might have been a list of ritual requirements (cf. Ex. 19:10-15; I Sa. 21:4f.), here, strikingly, the Lord's reply searches the conscience."[262]

"The ascent to Mount Zion is a question of increasing ethical perfection as well as geography."[263]

"It [this psalm] certainly fits into the life and activity of David. Its time may be fixed more precisely as being that period of his life when he manifested an interest in the restoration of the ark and thus the establishment of public worship."[264]

1.     David's question 15:1

In his prayer, the psalmist asked Yahweh who could have fellowship with Him, namely, what kind of person. "Abiding in the LORD's tent" or sanctuary (i.e., the tabernacle David had pitched) and "dwelling on His holy hill" (i.e., Mt. Zion) picture a person who is the guest of God. Guests in the ancient Near East were those who had an intimate relationship with their host, who had extended his protection and provisions to them (cf. 5:4). David meant, "Whom will you accept when he comes to your house?"

2.     David's answer 15:2-5

15:2a-b       In this section, the psalmist summarized what was necessary to have an intimate relationship with the LORD (cf. John 4:23-24). First, he or she must have a pattern of life that is blameless (Heb. tamim). This word means genuine, free from moral or ethical spots, corruption, and inconsistencies, though not morally perfect, since this is humanly impossible. In other words, such a person is a man or woman who is above reproach: of upright integrity (cf. Job 1:1). The Apostle Paul began his lists of qualifications for elders in the church with "above reproach" as well (1 Tim. 3:2; Titus 1:6).

Second, this person's actions are righteous. He lives in harmony with God's will and standards.

15:2c-5a     Eight characteristics describe this kind of person in more detail. Together they picture a person of integrity.

1.      He speaks the truth sincerely, rather than being double-tongued, i.e., not saying what is true some of the time and lying at other times (2c).

2.      He does not slander other people by saying things that are untrue and destructive about them (3a).

3.      He does not do evil to his neighbor (i.e., anyone with whom he comes in contact, 3b; cf. Prov. 14:17-24).

"If an ill-natured character of his neighbor be given him, or an ill-natured story be told him, he will disprove it if he can; if not, it shall die with him and go no further [cf. 1 Pet. 4:8]."[265]

4.      He does not initiate or propagate information that would discredit others (3c).

5.      He does not approve of those who turn away from the LORD but honors others when they choose to follow God's ways (4a-b).

6.      He keeps his promises even when it costs him to do so (4c).

"His honor is more important than his wallet."[266]

7.      He does not charge interest on money he loans to his brethren, thus taking advantage of their weakness (5a; cf. Exod. 22:25; Lev. 25:36).

8.      He does not pervert justice for his own advantage and so bring hardship on others (5b; cf. Deut. 27:25).

15:5c          In conclusion, David observed that such a person will experience stability in his life, as well as enjoying intimate fellowship with God.

"'To [not] be moved' scarcely means never to be visited by any calamity. That would give the worshiper's virtues too mercenary a cast. A higher result is envisioned: Such a one will never be shaken from the fine position of godliness that he now occupies, either by temptation or by adversity."[267]

The fact that David listed a total of 10 moral qualities in this psalm may indicate that he wanted to suggest a comparison with the Ten Commandments. Though the contents of these lists are not the same, they both identify traits that mark a person who is walking in the will of God. The rabbis identified 613 commands in the Mosaic Law. Isaiah mentioned six that are very important (Isa. 33:15-16), Micah listed three (Mic. 6:8), and Habakkuk boiled them down to one, namely, faith (Hab. 2:4).

A believer needs to make sure he is walking in the will of God consistently to enjoy fellowship with God and stability in his life.[268] When we are wondering what God expects, this is a good psalm to read.

Psalm 16

This psalm voices the joy that David experienced in his life, because of his trust in God and fellowship with God, even though he faced distressing physical dangers—possibly even death.[269] David appears in this psalm as the type of person that he described in the previous psalm.

"There is, perhaps, no statement of prophet or poet that more beautifully and consistently traces down to its final consequences what it means when a man commits himself fully into the hands of God and abides in Him."[270]

Chisholm classified this psalm as indirectly messianic (cf. Acts 2:22-31; 13:35-37).[271] Merrill called it a psalm of confidence.[272]

The meaning of "mikhtam" (or miktam) in the title is not clear. The variety of explanations that I have read (an epigrammatic poem, an atonement psalm, an inscription, a literary or musical term, engraved in gold or golden, to cover, secret treasure, pithy saying, mystery poem, a special psalm, a plaintive style, etc.) reflect the scholars' frustration with translating this word. Fortunately, we do not need to know the meaning of this term in order to understand and appreciate the psalm. "Mikhtam" also appears in the headings of psalms 56, 57, and 60.

Ironside believed that there is some correspondence between Psalm 16 and the meal offering in Israel's worship (Lev. 2). He also saw these connections: Ps. 40 and the burnt offering, Ps. 85 and the peace offering, Ps. 22 and the sin offering, and Ps. 69 and the trespass offering.[273]

"The central imagery of Psalm 16 is drawn subtly from the narratives surrounding the apportionment of the land following the Conquest (cf. Josh. 12—24)."[274]

1.     Joy in present distress 16:1-8

In this first section of this psalm, David reflected on what he had come to know about the LORD and how this knowledge comforted him.

16:1           This verse is a kind of topic sentence for this section of the psalm. It is a prayer for protection that David prayed in some unidentified distress based on his confidence in the LORD's protection. He addressed "God" (Heb. el) in his prayer of faith (cf. 17:6). This is the most general name for Yahweh and connotes His power—in this case His power to protect David. The figure of God as a refuge is common in the psalms.

16:2           David had told Yahweh that He was his "Lord" (Heb. adonai, master). David's relationship with Yahweh as his master was the basis of his appeal for help (v. 1); he could ask for protection because Yahweh was his master.

David confessed that he had nothing good beside Yahweh. He knew that he had no goodness of his own apart from God (cf. 73:25). This could be a confession of his total depravity. He could also have meant that all the good things that he had experienced had their origin in God. Another view is that "good" refers to whatever made David truly happy.[275] Related to this is the idea that David meant that nothing could ever mean as much to him as Yahweh did.[276]

16:3           David not only rejoiced in Yahweh, but he took great pleasure in "the saints" (Heb. qedosim, holy people): the people of God who trusted in Yahweh as he did. He respected them as "majestic" (Heb. 'addire, glorious, excellent, noble) because they were the true nobility of humankind. An evidence of David's confidence in the LORD was his choice to keep company with others who trusted in and walked with God as he did.

"We ought, therefore, highly to value and esteem the true and devoted servants of God, and to regard nothing as of greater importance than to connect ourselves with their society; and this we will actually do if we wisely reflect in [sic on] what true excellence and dignity consist, and do not allow the vain splendor of the world and its deceitful pomps to dazzle our eyes."[277]

16:4           In contrast to these godly saints are those who trade worship of the true God for what they think they will gain from following other gods (i.e., apostates: people who abandon formerly held beliefs). However in so doing, they only receive multiplied sorrows. David refused to join them in worshipping false gods, or even mentioning them, because he found what they were doing so distasteful.

The Israelites were commanded to abstain from drinking blood, so the reference to "drink offerings of blood" here probably points to apostate Israelites (and/or pagans) engaging in a pagan practice.

"There are textual difficulties and two completely different interpretations of these verses [i.e., 2-4]. Some, including the NIV translators, see in them a decisive, unqualified commitment to Yahweh as master reminiscent of Joshua (Josh 24:15) and Elijah (1 Kgs 18:21, 36), with recognition too that all good comes from him. David delights in the saints (… qedosim), the glorious ones, with perhaps the suggestion that as king he supports them (cf. 15:4 …).

"Others, noting that 'I said,' is in the MT 'you said,' and that both … qedosim, and … 'addire, translated 'glorious ones,' can be used of pagan deities, consider verses 2 and 3 a hypocritical profession of faithfulness to Yahweh by a paganizing syncretist, presumably an acquaintance of the psalmist, and see verse 4 as the psalmist's comment. This is now the majority view and has the merit of following the Hebrew the more closely."[278]

Many modern English translations reflect the first view, however, and it is the one that I prefer.[279]

16:5           David spoke with satisfaction of the LORD as something that someone had given him: an "inheritance." He compared God to a valuable treasure passed on to him by his ancestors, and to wine in a cup that brings great joy and satisfaction to the one who drinks it. The cup is a common figure for one's lot in life in Scripture. God Himself had proved to be what David had received as his lot in life. But here David metaphorically "drank" the LORD in contrast to the unfaithful, who literally drank the blood of their sacrificed animals (v. 4). In other words, David pictured the LORD as fully satisfying and refreshing him, like the wine in a cup satisfies and refreshes someone who drinks it (cf. John 4). David also gave God credit for supporting him in his lot in life. He developed this idea further in the next verse.

16:6           The "measuring lines" marking the boundaries of David's inheritance had turned out to be good lines, since they encompassed a great "inheritance." Compared to a piece of real estate, such as the ones given to the Israelite tribes when they entered the Promised Land, David had received a "pleasant place." He compared his inheritance (God Himself) to a beautiful piece of property. Obviously, he was happily content with God and found great delight in Him.

"Discontented spirits are as unlike Jesus as the croaking raven is unlike the cooing dove."[280]

16:7           In view of this delight, David purposed to bless (praise) the LORD. This is the first of many references to blessing or praising the LORD in the Book of Psalms. To bless God means to speak well of Him—in this case for giving such a wonderful inheritance—and thus to praise Him.

It is impossible to identify when or how the LORD had advised and, using David's mind, instructed him in the night. But in view of the preceding verses, it may have been that, as David lay on his bed, the LORD reminded him of what a pleasant heritage he had received. Someone has said that if you have trouble sleeping, don't count sheep, but talk to the Shepherd.

"All this [vv. 1-7] may be applied to Christ, who made the Lord his portion and was pleased with that portion, made his Father's glory his highest end. We may also apply it to ourselves, in singing it, renewing our choice of God as ours, with a holy complacency and satisfaction."[281]

16:8           Because the LORD Himself was the main focus of David's attention and satisfaction, he knew no one would shake him in any major way from his stability in life (cf. 15:5c). David described giving God first place in his life as having placed God at his right hand, the place of greatest honor and authority in the ancient East (cf. 1 Kings 2:19). Since David was a king, the place he gave God was especially honorable. Because David had delegated his defense to God (v. 1), he knew his "right hand Man" would not fail him.

2.     Confidence in future deliverance 16:9-11

"The last verses indicate the future possibilities that are latent in his [David's] fortunate position."[282]

16:9           Because David had received such blessing from the LORD as he had just described, he believed that he would continually be glad and rejoice. The phrase "my glory rejoices" may mean that David rejoiced that his glory as a living person, blessed by God, would continue to be a source of joy for him. God would protect him (v. 1). Delitzsch equated David's "glory" with his soul here.[283] Thus, he believed, David was saying that his whole person (heart, soul, and flesh) would dwell securely (cf. 1 Thess. 5:23).

16:10         Of course, David did not mean that he would live forever, by bypassing death. He only meant that God would not allow him to die then. The two lines of this verse are synonymous parallelism. David was God's "holy one" in that God had set him apart for a special purpose, and because his life was indeed God's, as he described earlier in this psalm.[284]

16:11         The psalmist, by faith, anticipated three things that he, and all God's "holy ones," can look forward to: life beyond death, fullness of joy in God's presence, and endless pleasures coming from God's hand. David counted on God giving him further revelation about the path to take that leads to life beyond death (cf. v. 7). This path would take him eventually into God's presence where David's joy would be complete (cf. v. 9). There endless pleasures would come from God's powerful and gracious right hand forever (cf. v. 8).

"The refugee of verse I finds himself an heir, and his inheritance beyond all imagining and all exploring."[285]

"… while the Old Testament falls short of achieving the clarity and fuller understanding of the New Testament, one should not conclude that the Old Testament believer had no hope or confidence. He awaited continued and heightened blessing and fellowship with God in his glorious presence after death."[286]

Peter saw in verses 8-11, and Paul saw in verse 10b, prophecies concerning the resurrection of Jesus Christ (cf. Acts 2:25-28; 13:35-37). What David was confident that God would do for him, namely, deliver him from death, was what God also did for David's greatest son, the Lord Jesus. In David's case, God did this by postponing his death, but in Jesus' case He did it by resurrecting Him. What David was confident that God would do for him, God also did for Christ, only in a different way. This is one of the few clear references to resurrection in the Old Testament (cf. Job 19:25-27; Isa. 26:19; Dan. 12:2; Hos. 13:14).[287]

"The 16^th Psalm is a prediction of the resurrection of the King. As a prophet, David declared that, not at His first advent but at some time subsequent to His death and resurrection, the Messiah would assume the Davidic throne. Cp. Acts 2:25-31 with Lk. 1:32-33 and Acts 15:13-17."[288]

As Christians reading this psalm today, we too can rejoice as David did—that the LORD will preserve those who take refuge in Him. He will even deliver us from death, perhaps by prolonging our lives temporarily, as He did in David's case, but definitely by resurrecting us, as He did Jesus Christ (cf. 1 Cor. 15:20; 2 Cor. 5:8; Phil. 1:23).

Psalm 17

The content of this lament psalm is similar to that of the preceding one, except that the danger David faced when he wrote this psalm was more threatening. Again, he viewed himself as a person committed to God who lived among many others who lived for the present. He prayed for deliverance from their oppression and anticipated the future in God's presence. A strong concern for righteousness pervades the entire psalm (cf. vv. 1-2, 15).

"I Sam. 23:24ff. {Saul's pursuit of David in the wilderness of Maon] fits the situation of the psalm rather well."[289]

This is one of five psalms that identify themselves as prayers (cf. 86; 90; 102; and 142; see also 72:20 and Hab. 3:1.). There are at least a dozen Hebrew words for prayer, and the one used here, tepilla, means "to intervene." Since most of the psalms were prayers, it is unusual that only five call themselves prayers. Perhaps this Hebrew word had other connotations as well, possibly indicating a tune to be used in corporate worship. Another view follows:

"This Psalm is termed a prayer because the language of petition is predominant."[290]

1.     The plea of the righteous 17:1-5

17:1-2        The urgency with which David called on God to heed his petition suggests that he was in a very difficult position. He claimed to be representing a just cause as he made his request, and he assured God he was speaking the truth in what he was about to say. He visualized God as the celestial Judge and asked for a fair ruling in His court. In what follows, the cry for investigation of David's situation (vv. 3-5) and vindication of David's person (vv. 6-15) continues.

17:3           David was not asking for acceptance by God because of his own righteousness. He claimed that in the present conflict, in which evil people were opposing him, he had done nothing worthy of their antagonism. God had examined David's attitudes, as well as his actions, and had no basis for condemning him. Furthermore, David had previously made a strong commitment not to sin.

"… he requests God to 'test' his 'heart' (see 7:9), i.e., to put him through every conceivable examination. The probing (bahan, see 7:9) of 'the heart' (v. 3a) is a determination of the purity and integrity of the heart. Even as silver and gold underwent a refining process and were tested until the smith was satisfied with the purity of these precious metals, so the psalmist asks for an examination of his purity of devotion to God."[291]

17:4-5        David also claimed to have kept free from sinners' ways—with the help of God's Word. He had pursued God's revealed way to live consistently in a righteous manner.

"No trace of self-righteousness is to be detected in these claims. But they are strongly made because the writer knows that God will not heed the prayers of the evildoer."[292]

2.     The petition for protection 17:6-12

David asked God to keep him from the wicked in the world who are vicious and proud.

17:6-7        The psalmist based his request on God's wonderful faithfulness for him as seen in His deliverance of those who take refuge in Him. He called on God to deliver him immediately.

17:8           The apple of the eye evidently refers to the pupil, the source of sight. With this figure, David was asking God to keep him in the center of His vision, not to let him out of His sight, but to keep His eye on him. David also expressed his need for God's careful protection, using the image of a bird protecting its young under its wings (cf. Deut. 32:10-11; Ruth 2:12; Matt. 23:37).

"'God's wings' are the spreadings out, i.e. the manifestations of His love, taking the creature under the protection of its intimate fellowship, and the 'shadow' of these wings is the refreshing rest and security which the fellowship of this love affords to those, who hide themselves beneath it, from the heat of outward or inward conflict."[293]

17:9-12      Whatever the situation in David's life was to which he referred in this psalm, it is clear from these verses that David's enemies were surrounding him (figuratively if not literally, cf. 22:12-18). They determined to kill him. They appear to have been confident of their success, too. Their eyes were on David even as the LORD's eyes were (v. 8a), but there was hatred in their gaze. Rather than protecting him lovingly, like a mother bird (v. 8b), they were out to tear him apart and devour him, like a lion consumes its prey, by sneaking around and attacking him. The lion is a symbol of brute strength and a ferocious appetite (cf. Judg. 14:14), and so provided a fitting picture of the wicked for David (cf. 7:2; 10:9; 22:13).

3.     The prospect for the future 17:13-15

17:13-14    David's mention of the LORD's sword may mean that he expected God to use a human army, or a supernatural force, to deliver him, or this may be just a metaphorical way of speaking about deliverance.

"The fact that such prayers do not exclude the thought of a possible repentance and restoration of the ungodly enemies appears, for example, in 83:16. However, since such an outcome is scarcely likely, it is seldom expressed in the psalms; cf. also Ps. 2:10ff."[294]

David's description of the wicked here draws attention to the fact that they live only for the present. They are content with the many blessings God gives all people in this life through His common grace. They occupy themselves entirely with their families and estates to the exclusion of spiritual matters.

17:15         In contrast to the wicked, David found his greatest delight in God, not in the temporal things of this world (cf. Phil. 3:19-20). Some readers have assumed that this verse refers to David's hope of seeing God after he died.[295] However, the preceding verses may point to a contrast: the preoccupation of the wicked with earthly things versus the preoccupation of David with God, during their lifetimes. The awaking in view, then, would not be a reference to life after death and/or resurrection, but to waking up from sleep day by day. Of course, David would one day really see God, but this verse may not be describing that event. It may speak rather of David's enjoyment of God's presence before death (cf. Matt. 5:8; Titus 1:15). David's concern, in this view, was more God's face and God's likeness than his future resurrection.

In times of opposition from godless people, whose whole lives revolve around material matters, God's faithful followers can enjoy God's fellowship now. They can also look forward to divine deliverance and to seeing the Lord Jesus one day. David's hope lay in a continuing relationship with God, and so does ours as Christians. He did not have the amount of revelation of what lay beyond the grave that we do. He found comfort in his relationship with God in this life as being superior to what the wicked enjoyed. We do too, but we also know that in addition, when we die, we will go into the LORD's presence and from then on be with Him (2 Cor. 5:8; 1 Thess. 4:17).

Psalm 18

As the title indicates, David wrote this psalm after he had subdued his political enemies and had established the kingdom of Israel firmly under his control. In this poem, David expressed his delight in the LORD and thanked Him for giving him the victories he enjoyed. This royal thanksgiving psalm also appears in 2 Samuel 22. The slight variations may be due to changes that Israel's leaders made, under divine inspiration, when they adapted this poem for use in Israel's public worship.[296] Other individual psalms of thanksgiving are 30—32, 40, 66, 92, 116, 118, and 120.

"The two components essential to the [individual thanksgiving] genre are: (1) the psalmist's report about his crisis, and (2) the statement or declaration that the crisis has passed and his deliverance is an accomplished fact. The latter element is that which distinguishes these psalms from the lament."[297]

Delitzsch called this the "greatest of the Davidic hymns" and "the longest of all the hymnic Psalms."[298]

1.     God's character 18:1-3

David began his praise by verbalizing his love for God for being so good to him. He proceeded to describe how much the LORD meant to him by using many metaphors. Yahweh was the source of his strength, stability, safety, and salvation. He was the one in whom David sought refuge, his defense, his power, and his protection. Because God had proved to be such a reliable Savior, the psalmist regarded Him worthy of his praise.

"One of the great tragedies of the human spirit is to become a prisoner of ingratitude, for ingratitude shuts the human spirit up in a world lightened only by the self, which is no light at all."[299]

2.     God's deliverance 18:4-29

In this extended section of the psalm, David reviewed how God had saved him in times of danger. In verses 4-19 he described God's supernatural deliverance, and in verses 20-29 he explained it as he saw it through the lens of his faith in God.

18:4-5        Death had previously had him in its grip, like rope binds a prisoner. The forces of ungodliness terrified David, like when one finds himself in a wadi (dry stream bed) during a spring thunderstorm and discovers a wall of water coming toward him. He pictured himself trying to pick his steps through a field full of traps that hunters had set to snare animals.

18:6-15      David cried out in terror, and in His heavenly temple God heard his call for help. The LORD had come rushing to the psalmist's defense. His deliverance was like a thunderstorm, in that it was the supernatural invading nature. The figures of speech in verses 7-15 picture a violent storm with lightning, thunder, high winds, torrential rains, black skies, and flooding.[300] All of this illustrates God's dramatic intervention for David, punishing those who opposed His anointed servant.

"The most vivid descriptions of God as warrior occur in so-called theophanic passages, which depict the Lord coming in splendor and power to fight for His people. … Psalm 18:7-16 is the most detailed of these theophanic texts."[301]

18:16-19    God delivered the writer like a lifeguard rescues a drowning man from the water that threatens to overwhelm him. David's host of enemies almost swallowed him up, but God removed him from their clutches and brought him to a place of safety out of their reach.

"Why Jehovah should delight in us is an answerless question, a mystery which angels cannot solve. Believer, sit down, and inwardly digest the instructive sentence now before us, and learn to view the uncaused love of God as the cause of all the lovingkindness of which we are the partakers."[302]

18:20-24    As God had promised to bless those of His people who walked in obedience to His will (Deut. 28), so he blessed David who followed the LORD faithfully. By recounting his own righteousness, David was not implying that he merited God's favor simply because of his good works. He was showing God's faithfulness to His covenant promises to Israel. These verses would have encouraged the Israelites to follow David's example of righteous behavior so that they, too, would experience God's favor (cf. 2 Tim. 4:6-8).

"The statements of innocence, righteousness, etc., refer, doubtless, to his personal and official conduct and his purposes, during all the trials to which he was subjected in Saul's persecutions and Absalom's rebellions, as well as the various wars in which he had been engaged as the head and defender of God's Church and people."[303]

"While this ["righteousness" and "cleanness of … hands"] does not assume absolute perfection, it does imply a serious dedication to righteousness and availing oneself of the remedies for sin and restoration of relationship set out in the Mosaic law."[304]

"These verses show why God delighted in him (v. 19)."[305]

"… David could quite properly use this language within a limited frame of reference, [but] the Messiah could use it absolutely; and the psalm is ultimately Messianic …"[306]

18:25-29    God responds in kind as people act toward Him (cf. Gal. 6:7). He deals with each individual according to his or her attitudes.[307] He rewards them because of their characters and deeds. He is always just. Those who try to twist God, to make Him serve their ends, will find that He will bend them to fulfill His will (cf. Jacob and Balaam). He saves the humble and humbles those who think they can save themselves.

"The psalmist does not say that God shows himself 'shrewd' (["astute"] v. 26) in the sense that he deals wisely with the wicked but that he 'acts corruptly' ('crooked') with those who are 'crooked.' Even as God deals lovingly with those who love him, he lets the crooked acts of the wicked boomerang on their own heads. They receive their just deserts."[308]

"Nothing more is said than this: since man insists on going devious ways in his dealings with God, God outwits him, as that man deserves."[309]

"The way we relate to the Lord determines how the Lord relates to us (vv. 25-27)."[310]

God kept the lamp of David's life burning by delivering his life from the hands of his enemies (v. 28). Moreover He enabled His servant to advance against his foes and to overcome their defenses (v. 29).

3.     God's blessings 18:30-50

The psalmist rejoiced over God's character and His blessings to him (vv. 30-45), and he vowed to continue to praise Him forever (vv. 46-50). The purpose of the psalm is praise, not boasting.

18:30-31    God's way is perfect, and His Word is trustworthy. He is the only true God, a reliable defense, and a solid foundation for His people (cf. Deut. 32:4, 31).

18:32-42    We should probably read verse 32 with verse 33, rather than with verse 31. David gave the LORD credit for enabling him to be a strong and effective warrior. God was responsible for David's successes in battle.

"What service God designs men for he will be sure to fit them for."[311]

"Enlarge my steps" (v. 36) means: give me room for freedom of motion.[312]

18:43-45    God had even extended David's victories beyond the borders of Israel. The king had been able to subdue other kingdoms and bring them under his control. David's greatest Son, Jesus Christ, will be able to echo these sentiments when He rules on earth during the Millennium.

18:46-50    Only a living God could do all this for David. Consequently the king promised to praise Him among those who did not know Yahweh.

Oliver Cromwell, wrote the following to the Speaker of the House of Commons in England, after his victory in the Battle of Naseby:

"Sir, this is none other than the hand of God; and to Him alone belongs the glory, wherein none are to share with Him. The General served you with all faithfulness and honor; and the best commendation I can give him is that I dare say he attributes all to God, and would rather perish than assume to himself."[313]

God's deliverance and His faithfulness are the final gifts that David mentioned as those he treasured above all others. He was confident, because of what God had done for him, that Yahweh would prove faithful and deliver David's descendants, as He had promised, as well (2 Sam. 7:13-16).

God's people should always acknowledge the magnificent, multifaceted character of our God. We should also recount His awesome acts of deliverance for us. Furthermore, we should continue to rely on His future faithfulness in view of who He is and what He has done for us in the past.

Psalm 19

David observed, in this wisdom hymn, that under the influence of the sun, the heavens make God's handiwork in creation known to humanity.[314] Likewise, people learn of God's plan to bless humankind under the influence of God's Law.[315] In view of this dual revelation, in nature and in Scripture, David prayed that God would cleanse his life, so he would be acceptable to God. Psalms dealing with the Creation and those dealing with the Torah are both subgroups of the wisdom psalms.

Another interpretation of this psalm views the first six verses, which deal with creation, as simply an introduction to the main subject, which is the law of the LORD.[316] This is a minority opinion.

In the polytheistic ancient Near East, this psalm was a strong polemic against the pagan sun gods whom their worshippers credited with executing justice. The psalmist claimed that Israel's God was the Creator of the heavens, including the sun, and He established justice on the earth.

1.     Revelation from nature 19:1-6

19:1           This verse is a summary statement. The "heavens" refers to what appears in the sky above us. The "expanse" is the canopy that seems to cover the earth from our vantage point as we look up: the sky. It is a synonym for "heavens" (synonymous parallelism). The glory of God, in this context, points to the splendor of the Creator. As we look up, we see the amazing handiwork of God.

"During the French Revolution, Jean Bon St. Andre, the Vendean revolutionist, said to a peasant, 'I will have all your steeples pulled down, that you may no longer have any objects by which you may be reminded of your old superstitions.' 'But,' replied the peasant, 'you cannot help leaving us the stars.'"[317]

19:2-4b      Every day and every night, this revelation of the power and greatness of the Creator communicates, since human beings observe it daily. The presence of everything that we see in the sky is a non-verbal testimony to God's existence, and that testimony reaches every part of the planet. Everyone, regardless of his or her language, can understand it (cf. Rom. 1:18-20).[318] This is "the paradox of wordless speech."[319] "Wordless speech" is an oxymoron: a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction.

19:4c-6      God has placed the sun in the heavens. Therefore He, not it, is supreme. The figures of the bridegroom and the runner picture the glory and power of the sun as the centerpiece of God's creation. Since it is so glorious, its Creator must be even more glorious. The pagans used the same figures of speech to describe the sun, which they worshipped as sovereign.[320]

"In Psalm 19, however, the sun appears not as an independent deity but as one of the 'works of [God's] hands' {v. 1] who carry out his bidding."[321]

"[Karl] Barth does not recognize any revelation in nature. Revelation never exists on any horizontal line, but always comes down perpendicularly from above."[322]

The name of God used in verses 1-6 is El, a title that describes the power of God. El is "The Strong One." In verses 7-9 and 14 the psalmist wrote that El is Yahweh (the LORD), the name of God that stresses His covenant relationship to Israel. Thus he claimed that the Creator is Israel's God, not some pagan nature deity.

2.     Revelation from Scripture 19:7-11

19:7           The revealed Word of God has the same dominant influence over humankind as the sun has over nature. Whereas the sun restores natural life, God's Law restores the life of the human soul. The sun dispels physical darkness, but the Word of God removes the darkness of ignorance from our understanding. It is flawless and reliable.

"The great means of the conversion of sinners is the Word of God, and the more closely we keep to it in our ministry the more likely are we to be successful. It is God's Word rather than man's comment on God's Word which is made mighty with souls."[323]

19:8           Furthermore, God's Word brings joy and wisdom to people, because it is correct and enlightening.

19:9           The special revelation of God in Scripture is also free from any mixture of truth and error; it is all consistent with reality. Consequently it is enduring and completely right.

"One of the most difficult aspects of pagan, polytheistic religion in the ancient Near East was the lack of assurance about what the god (or gods) demanded. As the myths from Egypt to Mesopotamia illustrate, the gods were notoriously changeable and could manipulate, trick, and overpower one another; thus, humans could never be certain which god would rule at the moment or what exactly that god might demand. Consequently, although there were certain protocols governing human behavior in relation to the gods, the demand of the gods could change from situation to situation. The matter was complicated further by the lack of any moral superiority to humans among the gods. The ancient gods of polytheism operated with just as twisted a moral standard as humans. They lied, cheated, stole, were sexually promiscuous, and generally outdid their human servants with their lack of consistent morality."[324]

The word "fear" refers to the whole of divine law. Knowledge of God's law puts the fear (reverential trust) of God in people's hearts (cf. Deut. 4:10 AV).

"'Fear' is strictly not a synonym for the law but rather emphasizes a reaction that it calls forth, namely, a wholesome reverence of the will of the Lawgiver, emphasizing that no one who deals with the law dare regard it merely as an abstraction or in a spirit of absolute objectivity but should rather feel the need of his submitting to it."[325]

19:10-11    David regarded the words of God as more valuable than gold, the most expensive substance in his day, and more pleasing and satisfying than honey, the sweetest substance. God's words warned him of error and danger, and they brought him rewards of many kinds as he followed them.

"… the mark of a true Bible student is a burning heart, not a big head (Luke 24:32; 1 Cor. 8:1)."[326]

3.     Prayer for cleansing 19:12-14

19:12-13    David's rhetorical question expresses the impossibility of knowing if or when we violate God's will without the light that His Word provides. It can bring to light faults hidden otherwise and can warn us of what displeases God, so we can confess and avoid these offenses. David asked God to use His Word to bring these sins to his attention, so they would not dominate him. This would result in his being blameless in God's sight and free from the huge mass of sin that would be his without the revelation of Scripture.

19:14         In closing this psalm, David prayed that his words and thoughts would please God. In view of the context, this takes place as we allow the Word of God to affect our lives. David viewed his words and thoughts as sacrifices to God (cf. Heb. 13:15). This is the implication of "acceptable" or pleasing. As he closed this psalm, he evidently regarded God, not as his Judge, but as the foundation of his life, and the One who had purchased him for a special purpose.

"The Word in the hand is fine; the Word in the head is better; but the Word in the heart is what transforms us and matures us in Christ (119:11; Co. 3:161-7)."[327]

God has revealed Himself in nature and in Scripture. This revelation should move us to bow in humble adoration and willing obedience before our Creator.[328] Psalms 1, 19, and 119 all deal significantly with the Word of God.

"I take this to be the greatest poem in the Psalter and one of the greatest lyrics in the world."[329]

Psalm 20

Before a battle with an enemy, David found encouragement in the intercession of his people that he would trust God for victory, in this royal psalm.

"This psalm gives a good example of what it means to intercede for another."[330]

"In this psalm we may see ourselves both as intercessors for others who suffer and as sufferers in need of intercession."[331]

David instructed his people how to pray for him in this psalm.

"David and Solomon repeatedly functioned as teachers of Israel (cf. especially Ps. 122 and 127); and surely, in the case of a king of Israel it cannot be regarded as an undue preoccupation with one's self when he instructs his people to pray for him."[332]

1.     The intercession of the people 20:1-5

20:1-4        The people lifted their voices to God concerning their king (v. 6) and prayed that God would give him success (cf. 21:2). Burnt and grain offerings of worship often accompanied prayers for God's help in Israel's worship. Their purpose was not just to atone for sin but also to seek God's favor and consecrate oneself in preparation for war (cf. 1 Sam. 7:9-10; 13:9-12).

20:5           The people anticipated victory in an upcoming battle. When the soldiers went out to war they marched according to their tribes, and each tribe had its own distinctive banner (cf. Num. 2:2).

2.     The assurance of the king 20:6-8

20:6           David was confident he would be successful in the coming conflict, because he was the LORD's anointed. Of course, if David had been guilty of sin, God might not have given him victory. However, the king believed that he was clean, and with the intercession of his people, he felt even more certain that he would emerge the victor.

20:7           He repudiated confidence in the most sophisticated physical implements of warfare available, but he affirmed his reliance on the LORD Himself for victory (cf. Exod. 14; Judg. 4).

"The children of this world trust in second causes [i.e., horses and chariots] …"[333]

The "name" of the LORD refers to His character, reputation, and nature. David gained confidence as he meditated on his God.

20:8           The king was sure of success. Often in the psalms the writers expressed strong confidence by describing an event yet future as already having taken place with the desired result, as here.

3.     The repeated intercession of the people 20:9

In view of the similarity between this petition and the one that opens this psalm, it is probable that the Israelites prayed it too. They looked to Yahweh as their ultimate authority and the One from whom victory must come.

The elect can appeal to God for victory against their spiritual enemies confidently, when they are walking with Him, because He is willing and able to subdue the powers of darkness. God has assured Christians of our ultimate victory (cf. 2 Cor. 2:14).

The psalm presents three essentials for victory as God's people fight against the forces of evil: First, there must be a praying people (vv. 1-5). Second, there must be a confident leader (vv. 6-8). Third, there must be a sovereign LORD (v. 9).[334]

Psalm 21

This royal psalm is a companion to the preceding royal psalm in that it records David's thanksgiving for giving him his heart's desire. All of the royal psalms anticipate the rule of the Great King: Jesus Christ. Like the preceding psalm, this one was evidently written by David to direct his people's prayers for him—this time in thanksgiving. Leupold argued convincingly that the setting may have been David's reception of the Davidic Covenant (2 Sam. 7).[335] Liturgical churches often read this psalm to commemorate Christ's ascension on Ascension Sunday.[336]

1.     Joy in God's strength 21:1-7

21:1-6        Speaking of himself in the third person, King David gave thanks to God for giving him his heart's desire. David's heart's desire could have been victory over an enemy, or it may have been the desire that God would establish his dynasty. He acknowledged that it was the LORD's strength, not his own, that had brought him great honor and glory. God had given David glory as a gift.

The crown (v. 3) may refer to the literal crown of an enemy that victorious kings appropriated for themselves in David's time. Metaphorically it could refer to a fresh coronation, so to speak, that David believed he had received from the LORD by granting him this victory. David's life was safe, and much glory and joy had come to him as a result of God's blessing.

21:7           David saw his blessing as a reward for his trust in Yahweh. Because the Most High King was faithful to His promises, David could be confident that he would remain securely on his throne.

2.     Anticipation of further blessing 21:8-12

21:8-10      The change in person indicates that David's subjects now addressed him. Because he trusted in the LORD and received divine honor, the people were sure he would continue to defeat his enemies. The right hand refers symbolically to power and authority. David's enemies would perish as in a fiery oven, and as by a hungry animal. Scripture often uses fire as a metaphor for the wrath of God (e.g., Exod. 19:18; Heb. 12:29; Rev. 1:14; et al.).

"These are terrible words, and those teachers do not well who endeavor by their sophistical reasonings to weaken their force. Reader, never tolerate slight thoughts of hell or you will soon have low thoughts of sin. The hell of sinners must be fearful beyond all conception or such language as the present would not be used."[337]

"If you don't believe there is a hell, you are in disagreement with the Bible."[338]

God would cut off the posterity of David's enemies, so the defeat of his foes would be final.

21:11-12    Even though David's enemies opposed him, they would fail. David would make them flee in retreat and would hand them a devastating defeat—described as shooting them in the face with his arrows.

3.     Vow to praise 21:13

Evidently David joined his people in lifting up the LORD because of His strength. They promised continued worship for His power that had brought blessing.

When God's people experience victory over their spiritual enemies, they should acknowledge that their success is the work of God for them. We can look forward to future victories, in the will of God, because God is loyal to His promises and strong enough to overcome every foe.

"As I read again and again through the verses of Psalm 21, phrases from the great traditional hymn 'How Firm a Foundation' begin to echo through my mind. To my knowledge this hymn is nowhere claimed to be based on Psalm 21, but the more I listen, the more connection I can see."[339]

Psalm 22

The mood of this "noblest of the passion psalms"[340] contrasts dramatically with that of Psalm 21. In this one, David felt forsaken by God, and the threats of his enemies lay heavily on his heart. He evidently felt death might be close. He described his condition as facing execution. Nevertheless, the LORD answered his prayer for help.

The righteous sufferer motif, that is so prominent in this individual lament psalm, finds its fulfillment in the Messiah (cf. Ps. 69; et al.).[341]

"No Christian can read this without being vividly confronted with the crucifixion. It is not only a matter of prophecy minutely fulfilled, but of the sufferer's humility—there is no plea for vengeance—and his vision of a world-wide ingathering of the Gentiles."[342]

"The Psalm so vividly sets before us not merely the sufferings of the Crucified One, but also the salvation of the world arising out of His resurrection and its sacramental efficacy, that it seems more like history than prophecy …"[343]

Most evangelical interpreters would agree with the perspective expressed by Delitzsch above. But some scholars have understood this psalm to describe the writer's sufferings alone. Others believe that the sufferer is the nation of Israel, while still others hold that the writer was describing the sufferings of an ideal godly person, not any specific individual. Some interpreters hold combinations of these views. I believe that David wrote of his own experiences, but that he spoke as a prophet and also predicted the sufferings of Christ. Spurgeon appropriately titled this psalm "The Psalm of The Cross."[344]

"This and the two following psalms constitute a triptych of tablets on which are written the story of the Christ in His work as Saviour, Shepherd, and Sovereign."[345]

"In a general and modified sense (cf. Ps. 16), the experience here detailed may be adapted to the case of all Christians suffering from spiritual foes, and delivered by divine aid, inasmuch as Christ in His human nature was their head and representative."[346]

"If we read these words only as words about Jesus, we ignore the original and continuing word of God to us this psalm in its entirety represents."[347]

1.     Frustration and faith 22:1-10

In the superscription translation, "doe of the morning" may have been an eastern expression for the dawn, though some interpreters have thought the phrase derives from verse 16, "which may have reference to the Messiah and describes His betrayal and abuse by the figure of a hind encompassed by dogs."[348]

David felt forsaken by God and ridiculed by his enemies, yet his confidence was in the LORD's continuing care.

David's frustration and God's faithfulness to his forefathers 22:1-5

22:1-2        Again David felt frustrated by God's lack of response to his cries (cf. 13:1-4). God would not answer him regardless of when he prayed.

"The question … is not an expression of impatience and despair, but of alienation and yearning."[349]

"To cry out, 'My God, why am I sick? Why am I poor?' would give cause to suspect discontent and worldliness. But, Why hast thou forsaken me? is the language of a heart binding up its happiness in God's favour."[350]

The Lord Jesus quoted David's words as He hung on the cross (Matt. 27:46; Mark 15:34).

"There are two ways in which we may understand Jesus' use of these words, either as fuller sense (sensus plenior) or typology. … Franz Delitzsch well illustrates what we mean by fuller sense in his comment on Psalm 22: '… David descends, with his complaint, into a depth that lies beyond the depth of his affliction, and rises, with his hopes, to a height that lies far beyond the height of the reward of his affliction'[351] The fuller meaning can be understood in the comprehensive sense as well. That is, the suffering on this occasion was insufficient to qualify for these gigantic terms of the text, so we understand David as summing up the suffering of his entire life. … In comparison to the fuller sense, the typological interpretation sees Jesus as the type of sufferer in Psalm 22, and the psalmist becomes the model. James Mays's interpretation of this psalm belongs in this category, although he prefers to see Jesus as setting himself in its paradigm: 'He joins the multitudinous company of the afflicted and becomes one with them in their suffering.'[352] When the fuller sense method is applied, it recognizes that a future fulfillment is built into the language and meaning of the text, whereas typology looks back to a person or event as representative of a future event or person. It may or may not be a prophetic element built into the text."[353]

22:3           In spite of God's silence, David's confidence in Him was strong, because he knew God is holy: set apart from all the idols as the only true and living God. Furthermore, Yahweh was still Israel's real King enthroned in heaven and praised by His people for who He is.

22:4-5        David found encouragement as he remembered God's answers to the prayers of the Israelites' forefathers when they prayed in distress and experienced deliverance. Since God rewarded their trust, David believed He would honor his, too.

David's humiliation and God's faithfulness to him  22:6-10

The pattern of David's thoughts in this section of the psalm is very similar to that expressed in verses 1-5. It is a repetition of the same lament and confidence expressed there.

22:6-8        By comparing himself to a worm, David was expressing his feelings of worthlessness, vulnerability, and contempt in the eyes of his enemies. The figure pictures feeling less than human (cf. Job 25:6; Isa. 41:14). These foes were insulting him, despising him, and mocking his faith in God, because the LORD was not rescuing him (cf. Matt. 27:39, 44). Shaking the head can signify rejection (cf. 109:25) or astonishment (cf. 64:8: Lam. 2:15). The Lord Jesus' enemies spoke these very words as He hung on the cross (Matt. 27:42-43).

22:9-10      Nevertheless, David drew strength by remembering that God had sustained him all his life, even from his birth. When David was only a small boy he had learned to trust in the LORD, who had sustained him to the present day.

"Throughout the Old Testament there is never any mention made of a human father, or begetter, to the Messiah, but always only of His mother, or her who bare [sic] Him."[354]

2.     Foes and fatigue 22:11-18

This section of the psalm emphasizes the psalmist's miserable condition.

David's cry for help 22:11

David cried out to God to be near him with saving help, since he was in great danger, and there was no one to assist him. He felt very much alone and vulnerable.

David's enemies and agony 22:12-15

22:12-13    The psalmist felt he was at the mercy of his enemies, as a person is in the presence of a dangerous bull or lion. Cattle grew large and strong in Bashan (or Gilead), the territory east of the Sea of Chinnereth (Galilee; cf. Num. 32:1-5; Amos 4:1).

22:14-15    With many other graphic word pictures David described how distressed he felt, because of the attacks of his enemies. Like water poured out on the ground, he could not gather himself together to resist them. He felt pained and incapable of defending himself, like when bones become dislocated. His spirit, rather than remaining firm, had melted away like hot wax. He felt as weak as a broken shard of pottery. He was in need of refreshment, like a thirsty person craves water when his mouth is dry. He concluded that he was almost in the grave: almost dead, because the LORD had not helped him.

David's enemies and agony restated 22:16-18

22:16         David compared his enemies to wild dogs that had him surrounded and were waiting to finish him off. Already he felt as though they had begun to tear him apart by biting his extremities: his hands and feet. Years later, the enemies of the Lord Jesus actually did pierce His hands and His feet, when they nailed Him to the cross (cf. Isa. 53:5; Zech. 12:10; Luke 24:39-40).[355]

22:17-18    Again, David followed a metaphor of his enemies with a description of his own agony (cf. vv. 12-15). He was evidently weak and emaciated; his bones were showing prominently under his skin due to loss of weight produced by his distress. Apparently his enemies were so sure that David would perish that they were already invading his wardrobe and dividing his clothes among themselves. This also happened when Jesus Christ's enemies crucified Him (Matt. 27:35).

"This detailed presentation of social and physical suffering [in vv. 12-18] is without OT parallel, not even in Isa 52:12—53:12, where, terrible as it is, it mostly takes second place to comments on the significance of the servant's sufferings."[356]

"Psalm 22 is a graphic picture of death by crucifixion. The bones (of the hands, arms, shoulders, and pelvis) out of joint (v. 14); the profuse perspiration caused by intense suffering (v. 14); the action of the heart affected (v. 14); strength exhausted, and extreme thirst (v. 15); the hands and feet pierced (see v. 16, note, but cp. Jn. 20:20 also); partial nudity with the hurt to modesty (v. 17), are all associated with that mode of death. The accompanying circumstances are precisely those fulfilled in the crucifixion of Christ. The desolate cry of v. 1 (Mt. 27:46); the periods of light and darkness of v. 2 (Mt. 27:45); the contemptuous and humiliating treatment of vv. 6-8, 12-13 (Mt. 27:39-44); the casting lots of v. 18 (Mt. 27:35), were all literally fulfilled. When it is remembered that crucifixion was a Roman, not Jewish, form of execution, the proof of inspiration is irresistible."[357]

3.     Prayer for freedom from death 22:19-21

The psalmist pleaded with God to rescue his life from the fatal attacks of his foes, to whom he referred again as wild animals. He cried to God to be near him and to act swiftly to save him.

A marked change in David's attitude took place in the middle of verse 19. Evidently he received assurance of the LORD's help, because the last part of this verse expresses confidence in His deliverance. This confidence may have come to the prophet by direct revelation. To "save … from the horns of the wild oxen" (v. 21) is equivalent to being delivered from fatal danger.

"This could well mean that the victim envisions himself as being caught up on the oxen's horns and about to be further tossed or gored to death when he is suddenly snatched away and set beyond the pale of danger."[358]

The rest of the psalm continues this theme of confident assurance of salvation.

4.     Praise and encouragement 22:22-31

22:22         In view of the LORD's deliverance, David vowed to praise God publicly. God later saved His Son from death, just as He delivered the psalmist from it. In David's case, He did so by prolonging his life, and in Christ's case, by resurrection. The writer of Hebrews quoted this verse in Hebrews 2:12 as an expression of the Lord Jesus' praise to God for delivering Him from death in answer to His prayer (cf. Heb. 5:7).

22:23-26    David next called on the congregation of Israel to join him in praising God because the LORD had come to his aid (cf. vv. 1-2). David had evidently made vows to God during the time of his distress that he now promised to pay. Vows in Israel were promises to give God something if God would do a certain thing for the person vowing, or because He had already done a certain thing for him or her. People sometimes vowed material things, but often they promised to give praise.

Verse 26 describes a reversal of the bad conditions previously referred to as characteristic of David in his misery (cf. vv. 14-15, 17). These words would have encouraged God's people to keep praying and trusting in the LORD.

22:27-31    God's purpose for Israel was that she be a kingdom of priests by mediating the knowledge of God to all people, and by bringing all people into a relationship with God (Exod. 19:6). David had an unhindered view of this purpose, as is clear from this expression of his concern that God's deliverance of him would result in the Gentiles turning to Yahweh in faith. After all, Yahweh is the sovereign King who rules over all nations, not just Israel (v. 28). All people will bow before Him, whether they are rich or dying (v. 29).

David believed his testimony of God delivering him from death would influence later generations of people to trust in the LORD. Because God has preserved this record in Scripture, it has encouraged all succeeding generations to do so. The record of God delivering Jesus Christ when He cried for salvation from death (Heb. 5:7) and God hearing and resurrecting Him has encouraged many more to put their confidence in David's God. The last phrase (v. 31), "He has performed it," is similar to our Lord's cry, "It is finished" (John 19:30).

"Most appropriately the psalm, which started with a cry of dereliction, complaining of the divine absence, ends with a triumphant cry, proclaiming a work effected, accomplished, by the Lord himself (cf. John 19:30)."[359]

This is one of the Messianic psalms (cf. vv. 27-30 with Acts 2:30-31 and Phil. 2:8-11; and vv. 22, 25 with Heb. 2:12). VanGemeren considered it an individual lament that contains thanksgiving.[360] It became clear later, that it not only recorded actual events in the life of David, but also predicted events in the life of David's greatest Son, the Messiah: Jesus Christ. David probably described many of his own sufferings figuratively, but his descriptions were fulfilled literally in the sufferings, death, and resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ. Some commentators believed that David did not experience anything like what he described in this psalm, but that his words were totally predictive of Messiah.[361] Interestingly, there is no confession of sin or imprecation on enemies in this psalm. Our Lord's cross sufferings were also free of these elements.[362]

God's people of all ages can learn from this psalm. Even though it may appear that God has forgotten and forsaken us in times of extreme persecution, we can count on Him delivering us from death in answer to our prayers. Our rescue may come through the prolongation of our lives, as in David's case, or through resurrection, as in the case of our Lord Jesus. With this assurance of deliverance, we can praise God even today, and encourage others to trust and worship Him as well.[363]

Psalm 23

In this psalm David reflected on God's many blessings to him and concluded that God would continue to be faithful to him and grant him fellowship in the future. This is a psalm of trust and confidence in God's goodness in the present and in the future. It is a good one to read when we are afraid.

"Depth and strength underlie the simplicity of this psalm. Its peace is not escape; its contentment is not complacency: there is readiness to face deep darkness and imminent attack, and the climax reveals a love which homes towards no material goal but to the Lord Himself."[364]

Delitzsch believed that he found reasons in this psalm to believe that David wrote it during the period of Absalom's rebellion.[365] Expositors have proposed theories of two, three, or four persons in the psalm, but most, including myself, hold to only one: the shepherd.[366] Leupold outlined the psalm as the LORD (Shepherd) providing rest and guidance (vv. 2-3), protection (v. 4), food (v. 5), and fellowship with Himself (v. 6b).[367]

Is this psalm messianic? Jesus claimed to be the "Good Shepherd" (John 10:11, 14). Perhaps He was alluding to the Good Shepherd (God) in this psalm. On the other hand, there are no direct quotations of this psalm in the New Testament that link Jesus with the shepherd in this psalm. Leupold concluded:

"The psalm is not Messianic, but it suggests thoughts that point in the direction of the Messiah."[368]

Several expositors have compared Jesus to the Good Shepherd in Psalm 22 (cf. John 10:11), the Great Shepherd in Psalm 23 (cf. Heb. 13:20), and the Chief Shepherd in Psalm 24 (cf. 1 Pet. 5:4). …

"To put it succinctly, in Psalm 22 we see the cross, in Psalm 23 the crook (the Shepherd's crook), and in Psalm 24 the crown (the King's crown). In Psalm 22 Christ is the Savior; in Psalm 23 He is the Satisfier; in Psalm 24 He is the Sovereign. In Psalm 22 He is the foundation; in Psalm 23 He is the manifestation; in Psalm 24 He is the expectation. In Psalm 22 He dies; in Psalm 23 He is living; in Psalm 24 He is coming. Psalm 22 speaks of the past; Psalm 23 speaks of the present; and Psalm 24 speaks of the future. In Psalm 22 He gives His life for the sheep; in Psalm 23 He gives His love to the sheep; in Psalm 24 He gives us light when He shall appear. What a wonderful picture we have of Christ in these three psalms!"[369]

"The psalm also presents an assortment of themes and images that continue to reappear in the following collection of Psalms 24—30. Chief among these is the emphasis on the 'house' or 'dwelling' of Yahweh, where the psalmists hope to find protection and security [cf. 24:3; 26:8; 27:4-5; 28:2; 29:9; and the heading of Psalm 30]."[370]

1.     God as leader 23:1-4

23:1           David compared Yahweh to a shepherd, as he reviewed His blessings on his life (cf. 28:9; 80:1). This was a familiar role for David, who had been a shepherd of sheep as a youth, and who later became a shepherd of God's people as their king. Other ancient Near Eastern kings also described themselves as the shepherds of their nations.[371] Even some pagan gods were spoken of as shepherds.[372] Isaiah later referred to Messiah as a shepherd (Isa. 40:11). This title was one that Jesus Christ claimed for Himself (John 10:14) and that the New Testament writers used for Him (Heb. 13:20; 1 Pet. 5:4). By calling Yahweh his Shepherd, David was acknowledging that He was David's king—as well as his caregiver.

"Whatever be the believer's position, he is even now under the pastoral care of Jehovah ["The LORD is my shepherd"]."[373]

"Probably the most important single word in this psalm is the little word my. You can know that the Lord is a Shepherd but that will not do you much good. You can even understand that the Lord is the Shepherd—the only One in the universe who can fully meet your need. It is only when you have come to place your confidence in Him personally that you can sing with David of old, 'The LORD is my shepherd, I shall not want.' It is then that you can affirm with the conviction base on God's promise, "I will dwell in the house of the Lord for ever.'"[374]

"Sheep do not 'just take care of themselves' as some might suppose. They require, more than any other class of livestock, endless attention and meticulous care."[375]

"… the lot in life of any particular sheep depended on the type of man who owned it."[376]

As David's shepherd, the LORD provided all that David needed.[377]

"More is implied than is expressed, not only, I shall not want, but, 'I shall be supplied with whatever I need; and, if I have not everything I desire, I may conclude it is either not fit for me or not good for me, or I shall have it in due time.'"[378]

23:2a          As his shepherd, God provided David with spiritual rest and nourishment. Food for the soul is the Word of God (Heb. 5:12-14; 1 Pet. 2:2), which the LORD's under-shepherds are responsible to give His people (Ezek. 34:1-10; John 21:15-17; Acts 20:28; 1 Pet. 5:2).

"It is significant that to be at rest there must be a definite sense of freedom from fear, tension, aggravations and hunger."[379]

"… whenever I came into view and my presence attracted their attention, the sheep quickly forgot their foolish rivalries and stopped their fighting. The shepherd's presence made all the difference in their behavior."[380]

"Green pastures did not just happen by chance. Green pastures were the product of tremendous labor, time, and skill in land use. Green pastures were the result of clearing rough, rocky land; of tearing out brush and roots and stumps; of deep plowing and careful soil preparation; of seeding and planting special grains and legumes; of irrigating with water and husbanding with care the crops of forage that would feed the flocks."[381]

All this the Good Shepherd does for His sheep.

23:2b-3a     The LORD also provides spiritual refreshment and restoration. These benefits come to us as we take advantage of God's provision of the water of life, which is the living and written Word of God (John 4:10-14; Eph. 5:26). God renews our strength and cleanses us through these provisions.

"A 'cast' sheep is a very pathetic sight. Lying on its back, its feet in the air, it flays away frantically struggling to stand up, without success. Sometimes it will bleat a little for help, but generally it lies there lashing about in frightened frustration."[382]

"During my own years as a keeper of sheep, perhaps some of the most poignant memories are wrapped around the commingled anxiety of keeping a count of my flock and repeatedly saving and restoring cast sheep."[383]

"Many people have the idea that when a child of God falls, when he is frustrated and helpless in a spiritual dilemma, God becomes disgusted, fed-up and even furious with him. This simply is not so. One of the great revelations of the heart of God given to us by Christ is that of Himself as our Shepherd. He has the same identical sensations of anxiety, concern and compassion for cast men and women as I had for cast sheep."[384]

23:3b         God also gives His sheep guidance in the proper path of life, so that we do not wander aimlessly. He does so in part for the sake of His own reputation, as One who has promised to direct His people. "Paths of righteousness" is more clearly "right paths."

"A commonly held, but serious misconception about sheep is that they can just 'get along anywhere.' The truth is quite the reverse. No other class of livestock requires more careful handling, more detailed direction, than do sheep."[385]

"The greatest single safeguard which a shepherd has in handling his flock is to keep them on the move."[386]

"As soon as the point was reached where I felt the maximum benefit for both sheep and land was not being met, the sheep were moved to a fresh field. On the average this meant they were put onto new ground almost every week."[387]

23:4           At this point the psalmist addressed God directly (vv. 4-5), whereas before and after these verses he spoke of Him in the third person (vv. 1-3, 6). This "sandwich structure" creates a feeling of intimacy with God in this psalm.

Protection is the fourth blessing for which David gave God praise. The promises of the LORD's presence assure us of His protection in times of danger, when we fear (Matt. 28:20; Heb. 13:5).

"Observe that it is not walking in the valley, but through the valley. We go through the dark tunnel of death and emerge into the light of immortality. … And then, it is not 'the valley of death,' but 'the valley of the shadow of death,' for death in its substance has been removed, and only the shadow of it remains. Someone has said that when there is a shadow there must be light somewhere, and so there is. Death stands by the side of the highway in which we have to travel, and the light of heaven shining upon him throws a shadow across our path; let us then rejoice that there is light beyond.

"Nobody is afraid of a shadow, for a shadow cannot stop a man's pathway even for a moment. The shadow of a dog cannot bite; the shadow of a sword cannot kill; the shadow of death cannot destroy us. Let us not, therefore, be afraid."[388]

"It is said, when a bee has left its sting in anyone, it has no more power to hurt. Death has left its sting in the humanity of Christ and has no more power to harm His child."[389]

"Most of us do not want valleys in our lives. We shrink from them with a sense of fear and foreboding. Yet in spite of our worst misgivings God can bring great benefit and lasting benediction to others through those valleys. Let us not always try to avoid the dark things, the distressing days. They may well prove to be the way of greatest refreshment to ourselves and those around us."[390]

"Let come what may. Storms may break about me, predators may attack, the rivers of reverses may threaten to inundate me. But because He is in the situation with me, I shall not fear."[391]

The shepherd's rod (a cudgel worn at the belt) beat off attacking animals, and his staff (walking stick) kept the sheep away from physical dangers such as precipices.[392] It may be that the Palestinian shepherd carried only one crook, which he used as both a rod and a staff.[393] Likewise, God comes to the defense of His people when our spiritual enemies attack us. He also prevents us from getting into spiritually dangerous situations that would result in our injury and even our destruction (cf. Matt. 6:13).

"Whereas the rod conveys the concept of authority, of power, of discipline, of defense against danger, the word 'staff' speaks of all that is longsuffering and kind."[394]

"Just as the rod of God is emblematic of the Word of God, so that staff of God is symbolic of the Spirit of God."[395]

2.     God as provider 23:5

In this verse, David described the Shepherd (God) in the role of a host. As a gracious host, God provides hospitality for His people. He supplies us with what we need and desire lavishly, and He does so, not by removing us from the presence of our spiritual enemies, but in their presence.

"… what David referred to as a table was actually the entire high summer range. Though these 'mesas' may have been remote and hard to reach, the energetic and aggressive sheep owner takes the time and trouble to ready them for the arrival of his flocks."[396]

"… just before the sheep arrive [on the mesa] he will make another expedition or two to prepare the tableland for them. He takes along a supply of salt and minerals to be distributed over the range at strategic spots for the benefit of the sheep during the summer. The intelligent, careful manager will also decide well ahead of time where his camps will be located so the sheep have the best bed grounds. He goes over the range carefully to determine how vigorous the grass and upland vegetation is. At this time he decides whether some glades and basins can be used only lightly whereas other slopes and meadows may be grazed more heavily."[397]

"The parallel in the Christian life is that Christ, our great Good Shepherd, has Himself already gone before us into every situation and every extremity that we might encounter."[398]

"I challenge you to seek to become a 'caterer' at the table God prepares for those who are surrounded by enemies."[399]

In the ancient East, a thoughtful host would welcome an honored guest into the protection of his home by placing a little oil on his head (cf. 45:7; 92:10; 133:2; Amos 6:6; Luke 7:46). This refreshed and soothed a weary traveler. Anointing with oil in Scripture pictured God's bestowal of His Holy Spirit on the believer (Exod. 40:9-16; Lev. 8:10-12; 1 Sam. 10:1; 16:13; 1 Kings 1:39; et al.).[400]

"As one meditates on this magnificent poem it is helpful to keep in mind that the poet is recounting the salient events of the full year in a sheep's life. He take us with him from the home ranch where every need is so carefully supplied by the owner, out into the green pastures, along the still waters, up through the mountain valleys to the high tablelands of summer."[401]

"Only the strictest attention to the behavior of the sheep by the shepherd can forestall the difficulties of 'fly time.' At the very first sign of flies among the flock he will apply an antidote to their heads. I always preferred to use a homemade remedy composed of linseed oil, sulphur and tar which was smeared over the sheep's nose and head as a protection against nose flies. What an incredible transformation this would make among the sheep. Once the oil had been applied to the sheep's head there was an immediate change in behavior. Gone was the aggravation; gone the frenzy; gone the irritability and the restlessness. Instead, the sheep would start to feed quietly again, then soon lie down in peaceful contentment."[402]

"Only one application of oil, sulphur and tar was not enough for the entire summer. It was a process that had to be repeated. The fresh application was the effective antidote."[403]

"Perhaps it should be mentioned that in Palestine the old remedy for this disease was olive oil mixed with sulphur and spices."[404]

David's "cup" symbolized his lot in life, which overflowed with abundant blessings. A "cup" is often a metonymy (a substitute name) for what is in the cup (cf. Luke 22:20; 1 Cor. 11:25).

3.     The believer's response 23:6

David realized that God's good faithfulness (Heb. hesed, loyal love) would pursue him throughout his life. To "follow" here does not mean to bring up the rear but to pursue vigorously (cf. 83:15).[405] The phrase "goodness and faithfulness" may be a figure of speech (i.e., hendiadys) in which two words express a single idea. We could render this idea as "good faithfulness." Another view is that these words describe two different provisions.

"Not goodness alone, for we are sinners needing forgiveness; not mercy alone, for we need many things besides forgiveness. But they are linked to each other."[406]

"Just as God's goodness and mercy flow to me all the days of my life, so goodness and mercy should follow me, should be left behind me, as a legacy to others, wherever I may go."[407]

Dwelling in the LORD's "house" (i.e., the sanctuary in Jerusalem) was a picture of enjoying full communion and fellowship with the LORD. The Amplified Old Testament translates this clause: "I will dwell in the 'presence' of the LORD forever."

"… it is not the place but the vitality of the relationship which transforms."[408]

The word translated "dwell" in the Hebrew text implies dwelling after returning there, rather than dwelling after already being there. Evidently, David was not in the sanctuary when he composed this psalm, but he looked forward to returning to it again and often.

"It is … unlikely that Psalm 23 refers to an afterlife in God's presence, though verses 4 and 6 in particular have sometimes been so understood. Verse 4 refers to the divine shepherd guiding his lamb (the psalmist) through a dangerous dark valley (a symbol for the danger posed by his enemies, cf. v. 5). In verse 6 the psalmist expressed his confidence that he would have access to God's presence (the 'house of the Lord' refers to the earthly Tabernacle or Temple; cf. Judg. 19:18; 1 Sam. 1:7, 24; 2 Sam. 12:20; 1 Kings 7:12, 40, 45, 51) throughout his lifetime. NIV's 'forever' translates a Hebrew phrase ('orek yamim, lit. 'length of days'), which, when used elsewhere of men, usually refers to a lengthy period of time (such as one's lifetime), not eternity (cf. Deut. 30:20; Job 12:12; Ps. 91:16; Prov. 3:2, 16; Lam. 5:20). …

"While the psalmist may not have been speaking specifically of an afterlife in God's presence, in the progress of revelation his words come to express such a hope for God's people, who now understand the full ramifications of the psalm's affirmation that God protects His own. In the same way the statements in Psalms 17:15; 49:15; and 73:24 become, on the lips of a Christian, a testimony of faith in God's final vindication of the righteous, even beyond the grave."[409]

Gaebelein suggested reading this psalm by asking "What shall I not want?" I shall not want …

Rest—for He makes me lie down in green pastures.

Peace—for He leads me beside still waters.

Forgiveness—for He restores my soul.

Guidance—for He leads me in righteous paths.

Companionship—for He is with me.

Comfort—for His rod and staff comfort me.

Food—for He prepares a table for me.

Protection—for He does so in the presence of my enemies.

Acceptance—for He anoints my head with oil.

Abundance—for He makes my cup overflow.

Grace—for He makes goodness and mercy follow me.

Security—for He makes me dwell in His house forever.[410]

The LORD's goodness to His people, as seen in His leading and providing for us, should motivate us to appreciate our security in Him and to abide in fellowship with Him.[411]

If you anticipate or are presently doing pastoral ministry, try putting your name in the place of the shepherd as you read this psalm. This exercise will help you evaluate your effectiveness as a shepherd of God's people.

Psalm 24

Only people characterized by righteous deeds and pure thoughts may enter the place where the glorious King of the Universe dwells. Psalm 23 expresses a longing for the LORD's house on Zion (23:6), and psalm 24 celebrates His entrance into His house, and the character of those who may enter with Him.

"It [this psalm] forms an inclusio with Psalm 15, and the psalms in between focus on the life of godliness commended in these two psalms."[412]

The occasion that inspired the composition of this psalm is unknown. However, in view of its content, some interpreters believe that David may have written it when he brought the ark of the covenant into Jerusalem (2 Sam. 6:12-19).[413] Or perhaps he wrote it when he returned from some victory in battle.[414]

During the Exile, the Jews developed the tradition of reading this royal psalm every Sunday, celebrating the first day of Creation. They also read other psalms on the other days of the week: 48 on Monday, 82 on Tuesday, 94 on Wednesday, 81 on Thursday, 93 on Friday, and 92 on Saturday.[415]

Spurgeon called this psalm "The Song of the Ascension" and paired it with Psalm 50.[416]

1.     Ascent to the sanctuary 24:1-6

24:1-2        David affirmed Yahweh's sovereignty over all things. He is over all because He created all.[417] Paul appealed to this verse to support his doctrine that the Christian may eat anything, provided doing so does not cause someone else to stumble (1 Cor. 10:26).

The pagans viewed their gods as limited to certain regions and functions, but Yahweh is sovereign over all.

Verse 2 looks back to the creation of the world. The "rivers" is a synonym for the "seas." It probably describes the watery chaos out of which Moses described the world emerging in the Genesis account of creation (Gen. 1:10).

"Though in the first two verses, the emphasis might seem to be on the sovereignty of the Lord, it appears to be much more to the point to regard what is said as a protest against the idea that God is or can be limited to a certain area like Jerusalem or like the sanctuary in which He is thought by some to be confined."[418]

24:3-4        The psalmist then wondered who could go into the sanctuary of such a great God on Mt. Zion (cf. 23:6). Who could have the courage to do so? Right actions (clean hands) and right attitudes (a pure heart) are necessary if one hopes to gain admission to His presence. Idolatry and bearing false witness—perhaps representing all sins God-ward and man-ward—disqualify any potential worshipper.

24:5-6        God will bless those individuals—who seek God's fellowship by pursuing the ways of righteousness—by granting their desire.

"Whatever is functioning as it should is 'righteous': in court, the man in the right; in character, the honest man; in the run of affairs, success. Probably all three are present in this context. This man has the smile of God upon him: he is accepted, he is helped to live an upright life, his affairs under God's blessing will run as they should [cf. 23:3b; 65:5]."[419]

The "generation" of those who seek Him (v. 6) probably refers to the group who seek God's face (i.e., seek God). The psalmist referred to the God of Jacob here. This reference to Jacob brings to mind Jacob wrestling with the LORD to receive a blessing from Him (Gen. 32:24-32). All who similarly struggle to obtain the LORD's blessing, by pursuing righteousness, will receive His favor, as Jacob did.

2.     Entry of the King 24:7-10

24:7           Evidently David pictured in his mind the closed gates of Jerusalem as though they were heads bowed. He called on these personified gates to lift their heads so the great King could enter. Normally people bowed their heads as majesty passed, but in this figure the gates did the reverse. Lifting up the gates refers to making the gates higher, larger, so such a glorious God could enter.

"Lifting up the head is a sign of joyous anticipation and hope."[420]

24:8           David explained that this glorious King was Yahweh, in response to the question of the personified gates, and perhaps the people. The LORD is glorious because He is omnipotent, as seen in His victory over His enemies and His provision of salvation. Israel's divine King was fully glorious because He was unconquerable.

24:9-10      To underline the glory of Yahweh as the great King, David repeated the exhortation and the explanation contained in verses 7 and 8 respectively. These verses restate, in synonymous parallelism, the same thought, and all four verses serve as a victory shout. "Long live the King!" "Long live the King!" The "armies" picture the heavenly armies of angels that accompany and support Him.

God's people should honor and glorify the LORD because He is the strongest of all Kings. We should realize that communion with such a One requires purity in thought, word, and deed.

This will be an appropriate psalm to recite when the Lord Jesus returns to earth to set up His kingdom for 1,000 years.[421]

"Psalms 22, 23, and 24 form a trilogy. In Ps. 22 the good Shepherd gives His life for the sheep (Jn. 10:11); in Ps. 23 the great Shepherd, 'brought again from the dead … through the blood of the everlasting covenant' (Heb. 13:20), tenderly cares for His sheep; in Ps. 24 the chief Shepherd appears as King of glory to reward His sheep (1 Pet. 5:4)."[422]

"What a wonderful trilogy we have here in these three Psalms. The Psalm of the Cross, 22; the Psalm of the crook, the Shepherd's crook, 23; the Psalm of the crown, 24."[423]

"Psalm 22 took place in the past, and it takes care of my past; Psalm 23 takes place in the present, and it guarantees my present; Psalm 24 will take place in the future, and it assures my future."[424]

Psalm 25

David appealed to God for wisdom and forgiveness because of His goodness to Israel in this psalm. This is one of the acrostic psalms in which each verse in the Hebrew Bible begins with the succeeding letter of the Hebrew alphabet, in this case with an occasional irregularity: Two verses begin with the letter resh, the letters waw and qof are absent, and the last verse begins with the letter pe, which is out of normal alphabetical order. The psalm is an individual lament, with elements of penitence, and it transforms at the end into a communal lament (cf. Ps. 34). It pictures life as a difficult journey that people cannot make successfully by ourselves.[425]

"It is a calmly confident prayer for help against one's foes, and for God's instructing, pardoning, and leading grace."[426]

"David is pictured in this Psalm as in a faithful miniature [small picture]. His holy trust, his many conflicts, his great transgression, his bitter repentance, and his deep distresses are all here; so that we see the very heart of 'the man after God's own heart.' … It is the mark of a true saint that his sorrows remind him of his sins, and his sorrow for sin drives him to his God."[427]

1.     Requests for guidance and pardon 25:1-7

25:1-3        David lifted up his soul to Yahweh in trust, confident that God would not let him down or let his enemies overcome him. "Ashamed" does not just refer to inward embarrassment but also to public disgrace.[428] David believed that no one who put his hope in God would suffer disappointment, though the treacherously wicked would.

"The mood changes from confidence in God's justice to submission to God's guidance. The heart of the believer is never confident without also being submissive to his God."[429]

25:4-7        The psalmist sensed his need for divine guidance and instruction. He wanted to walk in the LORD's righteous ways, but he needed help in discerning them.

"Do what you know to be your present duty, and God will acquaint you with your future duty as it comes to be present. Make it your business to avoid known omissions, and God will keep you from feared commissions."[430]

David also requested forgiveness for the not insignificant sins of his youth, asking God to remember His compassion and loyal love, but not to remember his transgressions.

"When God pardons sin he is said to remember it no more, which denotes a plenary remission; he forgives and forgets."[431]

Since God is omniscient and knows everything, we should probably understand God's "forgetting" to mean that He does not hold our sins against us. When He pardons us, it is as though He forgets our sins.

2.     Repetition of the request 25:8-22

The same petitions for guidance and pardon recur in this section of the psalm, but this time the basis of David's request is the character of God. Verses 8-10 develop the psalmist's prayer for instruction and guidance in verses 4-5, and verse 11 develops his prayer for forgiveness in verses 6-7.

25:8-10      God is good, upright, loving, and faithful. Because He is this way, He teaches sinners and guides the humble: those who sense their need for His help. He does so through His covenant (the Mosaic Law) and testimonies (statutes). "Testimonies" is a synonym for "covenant" (cf. 132:12).

25:11         For the sake of the good reputation of Yahweh, David asked that God would pardon his sins, which he viewed as great. God had promised to pardon the sins of His people who acknowledged them, so by pardoning David's sins God would show Himself faithful to His Word.

"Sin, by committing it, brings God a great deal of dishonor, and yet, by forgiving it, God raiseth to Himself a great deal of honor. Since God forgiveth sins for His Name's sake, He will be ready to forgive many sins as well as few, great and small; indeed, the more and greater our sins are, the greater is the forgiveness, and consequently, the greater is God's glory …"[432]

25:12-14    According to Proverbs 1:7, the fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom. That is, to become wise, a person must first submit to God and what He has revealed as he or she lives life. Fearing the LORD will result in listening to His Word. The person who listens to the LORD's Word will prosper, as will his or her descendants (cf. Deut. 6).

25:15-22    The psalmist proceeded to ask the LORD to deliver him out of his distress. He was trusting in God's deliverance (v. 15). "Eyes … continually [looking] toward the LORD" pictures continual prayer.[433] Evidently David regarded his present sufferings, and the affliction of the nation he led, whatever those troubles may have been, as due to his own sins in some measure.

To experience God's guidance and deliverance, God's people must confess their sins and appeal to Him to be faithful to His promises to forgive. They will find direction in His revealed Word, and will experience deliverance in His appointed time. Therefore, we who are believers can take courage while repenting.

"This whole approach to divine guidance is personal and mature, unlike the basically pagan search for irrational pointers and omens (cf. Is. 47:13)."[434]

Psalm 26

In this individual lament psalm, which is similar to Psalm 25 but does not contain confession, David asked for God's vindication on the basis of his personal integrity. He protested his innocence (cf. Pss. 17; 35; 43; and 69). Psalms 26 (vv. 6-8), 27 (vv. 4-7), and 28 (v. 2) all reveal David's love for God's sanctuary and so uncover his love for the LORD.

"Psalm 25 assures those who trust wholly in Yahweh and allow his instruction to guide them in the way of righteousness that they can be confident of divine deliverance. Psalm 26 responds to that assurance by laying out the psalmist's case for having led such a humble (26:2), innocent (26:1a, 3b, 6a, 11a), and trusting life (26:1b) as Psalm 25 describes."[435]

1.     Assertion of integrity 26:1-3

When David asked God to vindicate him, he was praying that the LORD would show to others that he had not been guilty of things with which others had charged him. To prove him guiltless, the psalmist asked God to be fair with him, and he invited Him to examine his claim. He was confident that when the LORD did this He would find David not guilty.

"Literally, the psalmist declares, 'I have trusted in Yahweh; I will not wobble.'"[436]

"He does not self-righteously hold himself to be morally perfect, he appeals only to the fundamental tendency of his inmost nature, which is turned towards God and to Him only."[437]

2.     Proof of integrity 26:4-8

26:4-5        David cited his separation from sinners and their assemblies as evidence that he was not wicked and deceitful (cf. 1:1). He was not speaking so much of his social preference as of his spiritual commitment. These were enemies of the LORD.

"As good men, in concert, make one another better, and are enabled to do so much the more good, so bad men, in combination, make one another worse, and do so much the more mischief."[438]

"A man who does not hate evil terribly does not love good heartily."[439]

26:6-8        David preferred the sanctuary of the LORD to the meeting places of the wicked (cf. v. 5). Washing the hands in innocence is a figurative way of saying that his actions were righteous (cf. Matt. 27:24). David offered sacrifices to God in worship, and he praised God, rather than ignoring Him, like the wicked did.

3.     Prayer for reward 26:9-12

26:9-10      David asked God to spare him from a premature death in the company of the wicked. Evidently he expected God to judge the wicked with premature death, and he wanted God to separate him from them in His judgment (cf. Gen. 18:23), as David had separated himself from them in his behavior. It appears that some people were grouping David together with others who were wicked in their thinking, but he did not want God to do that.

26:11-12    Having called on God to do right, the psalmist promised to do the same. He would continue to do right as he waited for God to redeem him from his trouble. "Redeem" (Heb. padah) means to release from or purchase out of trouble. This word often refers to the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt in the Old Testament (e.g., Deut. 7:8; 2 Sam. 7:23; Mic. 6:4). David felt he was on solid footing in his request—he would not slip—and looked forward to praising God publicly for saving him from his accusers.

"Only when a man has thoroughly and consistently shunned the ways of evil and completely detests them can he speak as this man does."[440]

The people of God can appeal confidently for vindication from the false accusations of spiritual enemies, because they have a righteous standing before Him. This is not a claim to being sinless but to being righteous because of God's work for them. The upright behavior of the righteous is evidence that they are, by God's grace, different from the wicked.[441]

Psalm 27

Many of the psalms begin with a lament and end in trust. This one begins with trust, then sinks into a lament, and finally rises again to confidence in God. Thus it is essentially a psalm of confident trust. Themes in common with the preceding psalm include: God's tabernacle, dependence on the LORD, and hope in divine deliverance. The setting could well have been the time when David fled before Absalom (cf. 3:5). This may be a royal psalm with features of a lament psalm.[442] It is a good one to meditate on when you face a daunting challenge.

It appears that Canaanite poetry exerted some influence on the composer of this psalm.[443]

"Psalm 29 is not merely a psalm praising God as the Lord of nature. It is a psalm which rings out that praise in a world dominated by the belief that nature was the domain of Baal."[444]

1.     Confidence in spite of danger 27:1-3

27:1           David expressed great confidence as he looked to the future because Yahweh was his light, his salvation, and his defense (stronghold). Light connotes understanding, joy, and life (cf. 18:28). It is also a common figure for comfort.[445] According to Warren Wiersbe, this is the first time in Scripture that a writer used light as a metaphor for God.[446]

"Light is a natural figure for almost everything that is positive, from truth and goodness to joy and vitality (e.g., respectively, Ps. 43:3; Is. 5:20; Ps. 97:11; 36:9), to name but a few. Here it is the answer to fear (1, 3) and to the forces of evil."[447]

"It is not said merely that the Lord gives light, but that He 'is' light; not that He gives salvation, but that He 'is' salvation."[448]

"The phrases 'my light' and 'my salvation' mean essentially the same thing."[449]

The answer to David's rhetorical questions: "Whom should I fear?" and "Whom should I dread?" is, of course: no one (cf. Rom. 8:31-39).[450]

27:2-3        In the past, when David's enemies advanced against him, they stumbled and fell, because God defended him. Therefore David said that, in the future, he would not fear if an entire army were to pitch camp and prepare to attack him.

"It is a hopeful sign for us when the wicked hate us; if our foes were godly men it would be a sore sorrow, but as for the wicked, their hatred is better than their love."[451]

"Hosts cannot hurt us if the Lord of hosts protect us."[452]

2.     The source of security 27:4-6

27:4           The greatest gift that God could give David would be the privilege of spending his time contemplating and reflecting on the wonderful features of his God.[453] The psalmist could achieve this well in Israel near the ark of the covenant, where God localized His presence in a special sense. There the priests read and studied the Mosaic Law and worshipped God with prayers and songs. The temple in view here was not Solomon's temple, since Solomon had not yet built it. It was probably the tent that David had constructed in Jerusalem to house the ark—that was a successor to the Mosaic tabernacle—that stood at Gibeon during David's reign. Or David may have been referring to God's heavenly temple.

"As so often, especially also in 23:6, dwelling in the house of the Lord means personal spiritual fellowship with Him, being assured of His favor and loving-kindness."[454]

"As in the well-known 23:6, this is not an ambition to be a priest or Levite but to enjoy the constant presence of God which is typified by their calling. Note the singleness of purpose (one thing)—the best answer to distracting fears (cf. 1-3)—and the priorities within that purpose: to behold and to inquire; a preoccupation with God's Person and His will. It is the essence of worship; indeed of discipleship."[455]

J. Vernon McGee, under whom I did a pastoral internship while I was in seminary, gave a testimony about his enjoyment of his retirement.[456] I would like to give mine: I retired from teaching the Bible for 45 years at Dallas Theological Seminary in 2011. One of my reasons was that, even though I had a wonderful ministry of training future leaders for the church, I learned that I was reaching more people through these notes. So I believe the Lord led me to devote most of my time and attention to studying His Word to enrich these notes for the benefit of my readers—people just like you. These have been the most wonderful years of my life, as I have had the opportunity and privilege to "dwell in the house of the LORD …, to behold the beauty of the LORD, and to meditate in His temple." The Lord has given me the time to concentrate on His Word and to get it out to people around the world. Thank you, Lord!

27:5-6        By seeking the LORD, David would obtain His protection from his enemies and a firm foundation for his life. These foes would not pursue him into the sanctuary. The psalmist's real security came in seeking refuge in the Lord Himself—which His tabernacle only symbolized. David was sure that the LORD would exalt him above his enemies eventually. When this happened, he promised to worship the LORD with sacrifices and verbal praise.

3.     Prayer for speedy help 27:7-14

27:7-10      Apparently David was not getting the help he needed, so he appealed earnestly to the LORD. In the Mosaic Law, God told His people to remember Him and to draw near to Him, rather than abandoning Him. David was doing just that, so he asked God not to abandon him or remain silent when he requested deliverance. He reminded the LORD that he was His servant because lords did not normally deny their servants access to their presence. God could reject David's plea because he was a sinner, so the psalmist acknowledged the possibility that God would turn him away.

Verse 10 could be a conditional statement: "If my father . …" If so, David's point in this verse was that even if those who were most supportive of him on earth would forsake him, he knew even then that the LORD would not abandon him. Another possibility is that David was referring to his parents' absence from him, if he had placed them in safekeeping in Moab when he wrote this psalm (1 Sam. 22:3-4). In this case, he meant that even those closest to him were not with him (through no fault of theirs). Either interpretation is possible, since the Hebrew kai can be translated both "if" and "for." A third option, of course, is that David's parents really had forsaken him. But there is no evidence elsewhere in Scripture that they ever did this.

27:11-12    David needed directions from God, since his enemies were trying to catch him. He feared they would falsely condemn him if the LORD allowed him to fall into their hands.

27:13-14    David's confidence in God returned, and he rejoiced in the prospect of the LORD's deliverance. He encouraged himself and his readers to wait (hope) for that rescue, and to strengthen themselves with faith in God (cf. Deut. 31:7; Josh. 1:6-7, 9, 18; 10:25; 1 Cor. 16:13).

"In heaven is that land that may truly be called the land of the living. This earth is the land of the dying. There is nothing like the believing hope of eternal life to keep us from fainting under all the calamities of this present time."[457]

"Wait at His door with prayer; wait at His foot with humility; wait at His table with service; wait at His window with expectancy."[458]

Believers can remain positive and confident about their spiritual safety as they delight in the LORD. When fear raises its head, the way to defeat it is to return to trust in Yahweh.[459]

Psalm 28

This psalm is similar to Psalm 26, except that in this one, David's distress was imminent. Some situation like Absalom's rebellion probably precipitated this psalm. David believed God would not punish his enemy with the wicked, and he asked Him to save and shepherd His people. The combination of confidence in Yahweh and prayer to Yahweh, that appears in Psalm 27, appears again here, but in reverse order. Verses 1-5 are lament, and verses 6-9 are thanksgiving.

1.     Urgent petition for deliverance 28:1-4

28:1           David cried out in prayer for the LORD's deliverance from his enemies—so he would not die. The "pit" refers to the grave.

"Prayer is an expression of sole dependence on the Lord for help."[460]

28:2-4        The psalmist begged God to hear and respond to his petition. Lifting up the hands in prayer symbolizes utter dependence on God (cf. 63:4; 134:2; 141:2; 1 Kings 8:35, 38, 42). The sanctuary (Heb. debir) is where the ark abode. David asked that the LORD not judge him with the sinners who opposed him. Moreover he requested that God would punish the wicked as they justly deserved.

2.     Confident praise for deliverance 28:5-8

28:5           David was sure that the wicked would fail in their purposes, since they did not acknowledge the LORD's works.

28:6-8        Consequently, David praised the LORD. He believed God had heard his prayer because the LORD had promised to hear the prayers of the godly. The LORD was David's source of strength and defense, so he knew his attackers would fail. Furthermore, Yahweh consistently saved and defended His people and His anointed king.

3.     Final request for deliverance 28:9

Having expressed his confidence in the LORD's salvation, David repeated his request for deliverance. He wanted divine salvation and guidance for Israel from her true Shepherd forever. This is a long-range petition for God's sustenance in the years that lay ahead.

God's people can appeal for help in distress to their great Shepherd and can rely on His guidance and salvation in view of His commitment to them. The leaders of God's people should intercede for the LORD's blessing on the people under their charge, as David did (cf. 1 Sam. 12:23).

Psalm 29

David praised God for His awesome power as a consequence of contemplating a severe thunderstorm, either a real storm or one in his mind's eye.

"David was an outdoorsman who appreciated nature and celebrated the power of Jehovah the Creator. Jewish worshipers today use this psalm in the synagogue as a part of their celebration of Pentecost."[461]

Israel's pagan neighbors gave the credit for storms and other natural phenomena to their gods. Consequently, this creation psalm was a polemic (a written attack) against belief in these idols, as well as a tribute to the uniqueness of Yahweh. Some have called this a worship and royal psalm,[462] others a nature psalm.[463]

"Whether David was building the psalm out of an ancient fragment, or turning to a style that would recall the old battle-hymns of God's salvation, the primitive vigour of the verse, with its eighteen reiterations of the name Yahweh (the Lord [LORD]), wonderfully matches the theme, while the structure of the poem averts the danger of monotony by its movement from heaven to earth, by the path of the storm and by the final transition from nature in uproar to the people of God in peace."[464]

I suggest reading this psalm aloud during a thunderstorm, as well as at other times.

1.     A call to praise Yahweh 29:1-2

The phrase "sons of the mighty" or "mighty ones" (NIV) probably refers to the angels. The Old Testament writers called the nation of Israel God's son, but they did not refer to individual believers that way—except for Israel's king. The idea that every believer is God's son was a revelation that Jesus Christ introduced for the first time (Matt. 6:9; et al.).

These verses are an excellent example of climactic parallelism. In climactic parallelism, the writer makes a statement, and every time that he repeats the same idea in a succeeding line, he does so more forcefully. "Holy attire" was the dress morally, more than physically, with which the Israelites were to worship God when they assembled for their national festivals at the sanctuary.

"The poets of the Bible delighted in taking the ideas of the Canaanites and then stripping them of their essentials. See the scathing attacks on idolatry in 115:4-8; Is. 41:21-29. Here the poet takes a treasured image of Canaanite thought—Baal with other gods bowing before him—and turns it inside out. It is not Baal, but the true God who is worshiped. He is worshiped not by gods who do not even exist, but by His own angels."[465]

2.     Reasons to praise Yahweh 29:3-9

This section pictures a thunderstorm.

29:3-4        David evidently saw the storm first over a large body of water, perhaps the Mediterranean Sea. He spoke of the thunder as God's voice. This is an apt comparison, since thunder is a noise that comes from "heaven," i.e., the sky. However, he may also have used this figure to imply Yahweh's control over His creation. God brought the creation into existence with a word (Gen. 1:3, 6, 9, 14, 20, 24).

"Natural causes, as men call them, are God in action, and we must not ascribe power to them."[466]

29:5-7        David's description of the progress of the storm pictured it moving inland over Lebanon to the north of Israel. The LORD's voice (thunder) seemingly split the mighty cedars of Lebanon and tossed them about like matchsticks. Of course, the lightning and wind were probably the actual agents of this devastation, but the psalmist described it as the result of Yahweh's decree. Likewise, he said God called forth flames of fire (lightning). Both Old and New Testaments speak of lightning as God's tool of judgment (e.g., 2 Sam. 22:15; Job 28:26; Matt. 24:27; et al.). Lebanon and Sirion (Mt. Hermon, Deut. 3:9) are names of mountains in the Anti-Lebanon Range, which was Baal's supposed territory.

29:8-9        As the storm moved eastward into the wilderness area near Kadesh north of Damascus, it shook the earth. It made the deer give birth to their calves prematurely and blew the leaves off the trees. Consequently, all God's angelic host glorified Him for His great power.

It is probably significant that the phrase "voice of the LORD" occurs seven times in verses 3-9. The Israelites often regarded things done seven times as perfect acts of God, such as the creation that God accomplished in seven days.

3.     The sovereignty of Yahweh 29:10-11

29:10         The present storm reminded David of the inundation of the whole world in Noah's day. The Hebrew word for flood here occurs elsewhere in the Old Testament only in Genesis 6—11. As Yahweh ruled over His creation then, so He did in David's day, and so He does forever. Thunderstorms reminded the psalmist of this truth.

29:11         The same power Yahweh employs in storms is available to His people. As He can cause a storm to subside, so He can bring peace into people's lives (cf. Mark 4:37-39). Thus the LORD is not just transcendent, over all, and able to control the forces of nature. He is also a resource for those to whom He has committed Himself with covenant promises.

"The subject of the psalm is the demonstration of God's glory in nature, but its impact is the opposite. It gives a sense of tranquility and awe. Yahweh, our God, is powerful in his glory. He can and does protect his people. He opens heaven up to unleash his blessings of protection, victory, and peace (cf. 28:8-9; 46:1-3; Num 6:24-26). There is quietness within the storm for those who belong to the people of God."[467]

Believers should see in nature the attributes of God and glorify Him for His mighty power (cf. 19:1-6). We should also remember that His power is a resource that is available to us. The God of creation is also the God who saves His people.

Psalm 30

David had emerged from an experience of chastening by the LORD for some sin he had committed. He praised Him that His anger is temporary but His favor is permanent in this psalm.

"This psalm is a quite clear example of the thanksgiving song, which Westermann labels as a declarative narrative.[468] That is, the psalm tells the story of going into the trouble and coming out of the trouble."[469]

The title of this psalm is subject to two interpretations. It may mean that the psalmist composed it for the occasion of the dedication of the LORD's house, the temple.[470] But this might not be the dedication of Solomon's temple, since David had already died when Solomon dedicated it. It could mean the tent that David erected in Jerusalem to house the ark of the covenant, when he brought the ark into the city (2 Sam. 6:17). Or perhaps this occasion was the dedication of the temple site (2 Sam. 24; 1 Chron. 21:26; 22:1). The LORD's chastening of the king preceded both of these events. The writer referred to this discipline in this psalm.

"We feel that the psalm fits this historical situation [the dedication of the temple site] as a glove fits the hand."[471]

Another possibility is that the title did not refer to the occasion of writing but to those occasions on which the Israelites were to use this psalm in national worship. This seems less likely to me in view of the references to chastening. There is evidence from the Talmud, however, that the Jews recited this psalm during Hanukkah, their commemoration of the rededication of the temple in 165 B.C.[472]

1.     David's deliverance from God's chastening 30:1-5

The psalmist began by acknowledging the LORD's deliverance of him, and he called on the congregation of Israel to praise Him. Promises to praise the LORD frame this individual thanksgiving psalm (vv. 1, 12).

30:1           The reason David wanted to praise God was that the LORD had restored him (cf. Isa. 38:10-20). Had God not done this, the psalmist believed his enemies would have been able to rejoice over his death.

30:2-3        God had answered David's prayer for deliverance by restoring him to health and keeping him alive (cf. Ps. 41).

30:4-5        David called God's people to praise Him because His punishments are short-lived, but His blessings are perennial (long-lasting).

"Personal worship that doesn't enrich our corporate worship may become selfish and lead to more pride."[473]

David used the night as a figure for a time of distress. He had experienced no understanding, comfort, joy, or fellowship because of God's chastening. Release from these conditions is like the dawning of a new day with all its prospects for blessing.

"'The victorious Christian life,' wrote the noted Scottish preacher George Morrison, 'is a series of new beginnings.'"[474]

2.     The reason for David's discipline 30:6-10

30:6           David had evidently become self-confident and had forgotten his complete dependence on the LORD (cf. John 15:5). Prosperity often tempts us with a false sense of our security (cf. Prov. 1:32; Jer. 22:21), and David slipped here. We should never conclude that, because we are presently experiencing peace and prosperity, these conditions will inevitably continue.

30:7           Now that David had regained a more realistic view of his dependence on God, he acknowledged that it was only the LORD's blessing that made him secure. The figure of a mountain to represent a kingdom occurs often elsewhere in Scripture (cf. Isa. 2:2; 41:15; Jer. 51:25; Dan. 2:35, 44; Rev. 17:9). God hiding His face pictures the (apparent) removal of His presence, blessing, and watch-care (cf. 27:9).

30:8-10      David had prayed for the LORD to be gracious to him. He had based his request on the fact that, if God allowed him to die, he would not be able to glorify the LORD with his public praises any longer. Consequently, David would not be able to honor God among His people. David based his petition on the glory of God, not on his own selfish desires (cf. James 4:2-3).

"The ultimate end of God's mercies to us is our praise to Him."[475]

3.     David's thanksgiving for God's mercy 30:11-12

The psalmist described the change God had brought into his life by restoring him to health in terms of the joyous celebrating that took place at Israel's annual feasts. He regarded his deliverance as taking place so that he could continue praising God as long as he lived (cf. v. 9), and he vowed to do just that.

"What is praise? The rent we owe to God; and the larger the farm the greater the rent should be."[476]

When we experience chastening from the LORD for disregarding Him, we should return to him in prayer. If we appeal to Him for mercy, so that we may change our ways and continue to glorify Him, He may grant us restoration. This deliverance should then lead us to rededicate ourselves to praising Him more consistently the rest of our lives.[477]

"Every difficult experience of life—and David had many of them—is an opportunity to have a 'pity party' or attend a rehearsal for singing in the choirs of heaven! We have a lifetime of grace (v. 5) to prepare us for an eternity of glory."[478]

Psalm 31

This lament-thanksgiving (or lament-trust) psalm grew out of an experience in David's life in which his foes plotted to kill him. That incident reminded David that the LORD would protect those who trust in Him. He urged others who might encounter similar affliction to love and trust in God as well. Perhaps David composed this psalm when, after defending the town of Keilah, its inhabitants proved ungrateful and would have delivered David to Saul (1 Sam. 23). What David wrote here would fit that occasion.

1.     David's cry for rescue 31:1-2

Because David was trusting in the LORD, he called on Him to defend him. He could do this because God had promised to aid those who looked to Him for help in troubling times (e.g., Deut. 28:1-14). David used many figures of speech that picture God as a secure fortress in these verses. (Verses 1-3 also appear in 71:1-3.)

"The Hebrew concept of shame ["Let me never be put to shame," v. 1] is … less an emotion or feeling than a situation of public condemnation and approbation [approval]."[479]

"We generally put our ear near to the lips of the sick and dying that we may hear what they say. To this the text appears to allude ["Incline Your ear to me," v. 2]."[480]

"If God be our strength, we may hope that he will both put his strength in us and put forth his strength for us."[481]

"Psalm 31 provides an illustration of one man's response when the bottom dropped out of his life."[482]

2.     David's confidence in God's love 31:3-8

The psalmist's confidence, that the LORD would protect him, was strong.

31:3-4        David believed God would free him from his present entangling problems because the LORD had promised to help the righteous in their afflictions (cf. 71:1-3). This is another scriptural "rock song"—a song that compares the LORD to a rock.

31:5           David committed his life to God's care. He did so confidently because God had faithfully delivered him in the past and had proved true to His promises. The Lord Jesus prayed the first line of this prayer on the cross (Luke 23:46) as did John Hus (c. 1373-1415 A.D.), the Czech reformer and martyr.[483] We should also follow this example in our times of suffering (1 Pet. 4:19).

"… Martin Luther said, 'Blessed are they who die not only for the Lord, as martyrs; not only in the Lord as believers, but likewise with the Lord, as breathing forth their lives in the words, into Thy hands I commend my spirit.'"[484]

"Many think that while they are perplexed about their worldly affairs, they may be excused if they neglect their souls; whereas the greater hazard our lives and secular interests lie at the more we are concerned to look to our souls, that we may keep possession of our souls when we can keep possession of nothing else, Luke xxi 19."[485]

31:6           The opposite of trusting in Yahweh is putting confidence in an idol, a vain object of hope, whatever that object might be (cf. Jon. 2:8).

31:7-8        Even though the psalmist had not yet experienced deliverance, he delighted in the faithfulness of his God. God had not handed him over to his enemy, so the prospects for the future were encouraging. Even though final deliverance was yet to come, David could praise God as he waited for it, since he believed that God would be faithful to His promises to help His afflicted. Paul and Silas sang praises to God in the Philippian jail with the same confidence (Acts 16:25).

3.     David's lament over his danger 31:9-13

In the preceding verses, David appealed to God's righteousness. Now he appealed to His mercy. David recounted some of the reasons he needed God's help. Among other things, he admitted his own sins were partly responsible for his sufferings (v.10). Mainly it was the opposition of evil people that accounted for his distress. They had resisted, slandered, and schemed against him. He felt alone in standing for what was right.

"Such swallow-friends the world is full of, that are gone in winter."[486]

"In the psalmists' world the righteous and the wicked do not peacefully coexist in the name of pluralism. Rather the wicked marshal all their cunning and power in an effort to annihilate the righteous (31:13; 56:5-6; 71:10; 143:3)."[487]

"When the psalmist describes the misery in which he finds himself he does so because he rightly believes that the Lord is much interested in the well-being of His children. A statement of their wretchedness will touch His heart. There may be something naive about this—the assumption that the Lord does not know what the situation is unless we tell Him. But if one carries that approach through logically, a person would never present a petition to God: why tell Him; He knows? Here the trusting confidence of the child of God speaks out of the necessity that is upon men to get relief of their distress by uttering it."[488]

"Dim and sunken eyes [v. 9] are plain indicators of failing health."[489]

4.     David's prayer for deliverance 31:14-18

Reaffirming his trust in the LORD, David called on Him to silence his enemies and to save him from their hateful hands. He asked God to shut their slanderous mouths also. "My times are in Your hand" (v. 15) means that whatever happens to me is under God's providential, careful control.

"… not more surely does the moon sway tides than God sways souls."[490]

"Many people go to fortune-tellers and have their palms read. They are told that this line means this and another line means something else. All of it is perfect nonsense, but it affords a living for some people; and for others who are trying to get rid of money it provides another way of getting rid of it. But our times are in Christ's hands."[491]

"The last two verses of the section offer what is commonly described as an imprecation or curse upon the enemies of the author. To pray for the overthrow or the just punishment of the wicked is not wicked. It is generally a vigorous desire that the iniquity of evil men might be brought to an end. A number of arguments could be offered to show that these Old Testament saints would have far preferred to see the conversion of these their enemies (cf. the close of Ps. 2); but since, in most cases, this was out of the question, they prayed earnestly that God would put an end to their ungodly career and so to the harm that they sought to bring upon the godly."[492]

5.     David's praise of God 31:19-22

The psalmist next extolled Yahweh for His goodness to those who seek refuge in Him.

"The sentence employs both the verb str ('hide, conceal') and the noun seter ('hiding place') to describe not just a shelter but a place of concealment from the psalmist's besieging troubles."[493]

"I find that people like to talk about their neighbors or their children or their father and mother or relatives or their boss or their preacher, but not many people like to talk about the goodness of God. My, how good He is! When was the last time you told someone how good God is?"[494]

God protects those who seek refuge in Him from evil conspiracies and verbal attacks. The LORD had been faithful to David under attack. The reference to the besieged city (v. 21) could be figurative or literal.

"To him Ziklag was indeed the turning-point between his degradation and exaltation."[495]

Even though David's faith had faltered, God still supported and saved him.

"In this part [of the psalm] well-grounded hope expands to triumphant certainty …"[496]

6.     David's exhortation to the godly 31:23-24

David urged those who hope in God to love Him purposefully, because He is faithful to save the godly. He wanted to encourage others as they waited for Yahweh's salvation.

What about the godly who have perished at the hands of evil oppressors? Our lives do not end when we die. In the light of New Testament revelation we know that God will vindicate the righteous after death if He allows us to fall before the wicked in this life. When David lived, he had the promises of the Mosaic Covenant that guaranteed the godly long life in the Promised Land (e.g., Exod. 20:12; et al.). God will vindicate the godly who die prematurely—after death (Isa. 26:19; Dan. 12:2; 2 Cor. 5:10).

In view of God's consistent faithfulness to His promises to bless the righteous and punish the wicked, the godly can endure periods of persecution and suffering with strong confidence. We can trust in the LORD's eventual deliverance and even praise Him as we endure rough times.

"In this song we find the seasons of the soul as we know them all sooner or later. First, autumn with its winds and gathering clouds, yet having sunlight and a golden fruitage even though the breath of death is everywhere (1-8). Then follows winter, chill and lifeless, full of sobs and sighing (9-13). After that the spring with its hope and expectation and its sweeping rains and bursting sun gleams (14-18). At last the glad and golden summer (19-24). We need them all to complete our year!"[497]

Psalm 32

In this psalm of wisdom and thanksgiving, David urged those who sin against the LORD to seek His pardon, with the encouragement that He is gracious with the penitent. He will, however, chasten the unrepentant.

Different scholars have identified different psalms as wisdom psalms. Bullock regarded 32, 34, 37, 47, 73, 112, 127—28, and 133 as wisdom psalms. Some literary distinctives of wisdom psalms are proverbs, admonitions (often taken from nature), similes, and the words "blessed," "son" or "children," and "better."[498] They are not prayers as such but reflections on life and life's problems. The wisdom psalms are a subset of the didactic psalm genre, other subsets being Torah psalms and historical psalms. Wisdom psalms can be subdivided into psalms of proverbial wisdom and psalms of reflective wisdom.

"The proverb represents a concentrated expression of the truth. It teaches the obvious because it is a slice out of real life. … This proverbial type of wisdom teaching is sometimes called lower wisdom.

"The second type of wisdom, the type represented by Job and Ecclesiastes, is basically reflective. This reflective wisdom puts forth problems that arise out of real life, but it does not have the pat answers that proverbial wisdom offers. … This type of wisdom teaching is sometimes called higher wisdom. The Psalms actually contain both types."[499]

Students of this penitential psalm have often linked it with David's adultery with Bathsheba and his murder of her husband: Uriah (2 Sam. 11). While that identification seems probable in view of the content of the psalm, the connection is not indisputable. Psalm 51 was David's prayer for pardon for having committed those acts. If Psalm 32 looks back on these very sins, David probably composed it later than Psalm 51. Psalm 32 stresses God's forgiveness and the lesson that David learned from not confessing his sin quickly. Other penitential psalms are 6, 38, 51, 102, 130, and 143.

"While they are not all strictly 'penitential,' Psalms 51 and 130 are definitely prayers of penitence, and Psalms 32 and 102 are laments related to an illness, perhaps stemming from the psalmist's sin (32:3). The tone of all seven penitential psalms, however, is one of submission to the almighty God, a necessary disposition for anyone who would seek God's forgiveness"[500]

"Few psalms focus on the theme of forgiveness (e.g., 38 and 51), although 103:3 also sees forgiveness as the primary blessing springing from God's gracious relationship with his people. Here it is not only celebrated but its conditions are made clear."[501]

"When Galileo was imprisoned by the Inquisition at Rome for asserting the Copernican system, he was enjoined as a penance, to repeat the Seven Penitential Psalms every week for three years."[502]

Thirteen psalms contain the word "Maskil" in their titles (Pss. 32, 42, 44, 45, 52, 53, 54, 55, 74, 78, 88, 89, and 142; and also in 47:7). The meaning of this term is still uncertain.

"The word is derived from a verb meaning 'to be prudent; to be wise.' Various options are: 'a contemplative song,' 'a song imparting moral wisdom,' or 'a skillful [i.e., well-written] song.'"[503]

1.     The blessing of forgiveness 32:1-2

This psalm begins like Psalm 1. "Blessed" means having received blessings from the LORD, one of which is joy.

"In the First Psalm we have the blessing of innocence, or rather, of Him Who only was innocent: here we have the blessing of repentance, as the next happiest state to that of sinlessness."[504]

David described divine forgiveness in several ways in these verses. Regardless of the type of offense one may have committed ("wrongdoing" [Heb. pesha, "transgression" or "passing over a boundary"] "sin" [chataah, "missing the mark"] "guilt" [avon, "iniquity" or "turning from a proper course"] or "deceit" [remiyah, "fraud" or "guile"]), divine pardon is a blessed experience.

"In general our happiness consists in the favour of God, and not in the wealth of this world …"[505]

"Holy David, in the front of this Psalm, shows us wherein true happiness consists: not in beauty, honor, riches (the world's trinity), but in the forgiveness of sin."[506]

Under the Mosaic economy an innocent animal that suffered death, the punishment for sin, took the guilt of the sinner in his or her place. This provision was only temporary, however, until God would provide a perfect human being whose substitute death would atone for sin fully (Heb. 9:11-14; cf. Rom. 4:7-8).

"The fundamental idea of sacrifice in the Old testament is that of substitution, which again seems to imply everything else—atonement and redemption, vicarious punishment and forgiveness. … This idea of substitution, as introduced, adopted, and sanctioned by God Himself, is expressed by the sacrificial term rendered in our version 'atonement,' but which really means covering, the substitute in the acceptance of God taking the place of, and so covering, as it were, the person of the offerer."[507]

2.     The chastening of the unrepentant 32:3-5

32:3-4        David's failure to confess his sin immediately resulted in internal grief and external weakness for him. God oppressed him severely with discipline (cf. Heb. 12:6). Consequently David felt drained of energy. Evidently this is a description of how he felt in every aspect of his being—physically, emotionally, and spiritually.

"… he who does not in confession pour out all his corruption before God, only tortures himself until he unburdens himself of his secret curse."[508]

32:5           David finally confessed his sin to God, rather than refusing to admit it. Confessing involves acknowledging that what one has done violates the will of God (cf. 1 John 1:9). The Old Testament saint had the same responsibility to confess his sins to God that Christians do, and he also enjoyed the same promise of forgiveness that we do (cf. Lev. 5:5, 10; 16:21-22; 26:40-42). However, God punished more sins with execution under the Old Covenant than He does under the New. If the background of this psalm is David's sins against Bathsheba and Uriah, he evidently refused to acknowledge these sins for some time after he had committed them (2 Sam. 12:13-15).

Though David confessed his sin to God, the fact that he made this psalm public reveals that he also made his confession public.

"It is the opening of his heart to God that ultimately works forgiveness and restoration (32:5, 7), but there is also an important dynamic at work in his constant movement from God to the worshiping community. For the psalmist to make public confession in this way is both instructive to the community (32:1-2, 6, 8-10) and supportive of him as the community surrounds him with 'songs of deliverance' (32:7c, 11)."[509]

3.     The counsel of the forgiven 32:6-11

32:6           David initially advised the godly to confess their sins quickly, so that God would not remove Himself from them, because of their sin, and seem harder to find later on. If one keeps short accounts with God, calamities that God sometimes uses to bring people to repentance will not overwhelm him or her.

"Guilt is to the conscience what pain is to the body: it tells us that something is wrong and must be made right, or things will get worse."[510]

32:7           David paused to praise God for being a refuge for him when such a flood of trouble had overwhelmed him. The LORD not only sustained him but also gave him occasion to praise His name. Charles Wesley's hymn "Jesus, Lover of My Soul" drew on verses 6 and 7: "While the nearer waters roll, While the tempest still is high; Hide me, O my Saviour, hide …"

"In verses 3 and 4 David was hiding from God, but in verse 7 he is hiding in God."[511]

32:8-9        The psalmist instructed the godly further, as a teacher who carefully watched over their welfare. His counsel was to yield to the LORD quickly rather than resisting Him. It is better for the godly to walk in the moral will of God willingly than for God to put pressure on them to do so.

Horses tend to rush ahead impetuously, and mules are infamous for stubbornly dragging their feet (v. 8). Likewise, people tend to rush ahead of the LORD, or to lag behind His leading.

32:10-11    The wicked can count on having much sorrow in life—normally. On the other hand, those who trust in the LORD will experience His goodness (Heb. hesed) and will be able to praise Him.

"When the poet Carpani enquired of his friend Haydn how it happened that his church music was so cheerful, the great composer made a most beautiful reply. 'I cannot,' he said, 'make it otherwise. I write according to the thoughts I feel: when I think upon God, my heart is so full of joy that the notes dance and leap, as it were, from my pen: and, since God has given me a cheerful heart, it will be pardoned me that I serve Him with a cheerful spirit.'"[512]

This psalm teaches us that believers who sin are wise to confess their sins to God as soon after we commit them as possible. This will minimize the discipline God sends to bring us to repentance.[513]

"The case can be made that great men and women throughout the Bible and church history have been men and women of repentance. The more we see of God and his glory, the more we become aware of indwelling sin, and therefore the more we find repentance to be a way of Life. As George Whitefield said, 'The indwelling of sin in the heart is the burden of a converted person; it is the burden of a true Christian.'[514] Therefore it follows that the so-called penitential psalms were often on the lips of great people of God. Psalm 32 was Augustine's favorite, even setting it above his bed that he might immediately see it upon waking.[515] Of this psalm he said, 'The beginning of understanding is to know thyself a sinner.'[516] Even on his deathbed he asked that the penitential psalms be written out and placed where he could see them.[517] According to Martin Luther, the greatest of psalms were the 'Psalmi Paulini' (Pauline Psalms). He considered these to be Psalms 32, 51, 130, and 143, which were all penitential psalms.[518] Of course, Scripture does not attach these psalms to the apostle Paul, yet its propriety cannot be doubted for the man who considered himself the chief of sinners."[519]

"The psalm could lead us to think through the ways in which our culture denies and suppresses and covers up all in the name of competence, prosperity, and success. For what the psalm finally commends is yielding. Against that, our social values are oriented to unyielding control."[520]

Psalm 33

This psalm of declarative praise calls the godly to praise Yahweh for His dependable Word and His righteous works, specifically His creative activities in nature and human history. The psalmist also assured the readers that He will be faithful to those who trust in Him.

"If the purest form of a hymn is praise to God for what He is and does, this is a fine example. The body of the psalm is occupied with the Lord as Creator, Sovereign, Judge and Saviour, while the beginning and end express two elements of worship: an offering of praise, doing honour to so great a King, and a declaration of trust, made in humble expectation."[521]

The Hebrew text does not identify the writer of this psalm, though the Septuagint translators believed that .he was David. Perhaps they concluded this because other psalms that David composed surround this one. (See also 72:20.)

"… psalms without titles are frequently combined with the preceding psalm in the ancient Hebrew manuscripts, yielding a single composition. This is true of Psalm 33—at least ten ancient Hebrew manuscripts combine Psalms 32 and 33. In some cases (e.g., Pss. 9—10 and 42—43) the combination of such psalms seems to reflect an original unity. But that does not seem to be the case here; the two compositions seem distinct enough to warrant composition as separate psalms."[522]

The occasion of writing appears to have been a national victory.

"This psalm corresponds to the nationalistic psalms of Book V. At first glance it appears to be out of place in Book I, but it is placed here as an answer to the invitation of verse 11 in the preceding psalm."[523]

1.     A call to praise the LORD skillfully 33:1-3

The psalmist appealed to the righteous to praise God in song because it is proper to do so, in view of who He is and what He has done.[524] Furthermore, the righteous should praise Him in a manner suitable to His greatness, with beautiful musical accompaniment. Moreover, this praise should be fresh and skillful, not hackneyed and sloppy. God is worthy of the best in expressions of praise, as well as in all that believers do for Him.

"The 'new song' is new in the sense that it celebrates a new act of God's redemption (v. 3; cf. 40:3; 96:1; 98:1; 144:9; 149:1; Isa 42:10; Rev 5:9; 14:3)."[525]

"Psalm 33 is a new song (v. 3) that sings about a new world. It is the world about which Israel always sings, the new world that Yahweh is now creating. It is a world ordered by God's justice over which God presides with faithfulness. To such a world the only appropriate response is confident and sure praise to the one who makes that world available to us."[526]

2.     Reasons to praise the LORD 33:4-19

33:4-5        Two character qualities of God that the writer stressed, in this second section of the psalm, are that Yahweh is dependable and righteous. We can rely on everything that He says and does, and He does what is right in faithfulness (Heb. hesed) for His people.

"What a pity it is that this earth, which is so full of God's goodness, should be so empty of his praises, and that of the multitudes that live upon his bounty there are so few that live to his glory!"[527]

33:6-11      These verses expand the idea that God is reliable (v.4). Verses 6-7 describe creation as coming into existence by the word of God. Verses 8-9 draw a conclusion from these facts, that, since by His word God created the world, everyone should reverence Him. Verses 10-11 depict God's word as determining what has happened in history since the creation: His purpose. What the LORD says takes place regardless of the plans of people and nations. His plan prevails.

"… the 'fear' of Yahweh [v. 9]  is not fear or terror but an awareness of one's absolute dependence on him."[528]

33:12-19    This section expounds the thought of the LORD's righteousness and loyal love (v. 5). The psalmist rejoiced that he and his nation were the elect of God and the recipients of His covenant faithfulness (v. 12). Some people do not experience more divine blessing than others because God is more aware of some people than He is of others (vv. 13-15). He is equally aware of everyone. He does not necessarily grant victory to some armies more than to others because one army is stronger than another (vv. 16-17).

"At the Battle of Arbela, the Persian hosts numbered between five hundred thousand and a million men, but they were utterly put to the rout by Alexander's band of fifty thousand; and the once mighty Darius was soon vanquished. Napoleon led more than half a million of men into Russia, but the terrible winter left the army a mere wreck, and their leader was soon a prisoner on the lone rock of St. Helens. All along the line of history, this verse has been verified. The strongest battalions melt like snowflakes when God is against them."[529]

God chooses to bless those who fear Him and rely on His promised love (vv. 18-19)—in the next life if not in this life. The "eyes of the LORD" (v. 15) is a figure for His all-seeing, loving care (cf. 34:15).

"Psalm 33 shows that God desires universal praise. World missions springs from the very heart of God."[530]

3.     A fresh commitment to trust in the LORD 33:20-22

The psalmist saw the faith of God's elect in three activities in this section.

33:20         The righteous wait for God to deliver them and regard Him as their help and protector.

"Such waiting is a sign of surrender to the power of God rather than trusting in human strength and power."[531]

33:21         They rejoice in Him because they have confidence in His holy (perfect) character.

33:22         They also pray to Him, asking that He reward their confidence with faithfulness to His commitment to love them.

God's people can rejoice that our God is faithful to His commitment to continue to love us. His words have proved powerful and faithful throughout history, and His works are consistently right and just. Therefore, we can continue to trust Him.

Psalm 34

In this combination individual thanksgiving and wisdom psalm, David glorified God for delivering His people, and he reflected on the LORD's promise to bless the godly with long life.

The title identifies the occasion on which David composed this psalm (cf. 1 Sam. 21:10-15). In 1 Samuel 21:10, the name of the king of Gath is Achish, but here it is Abimelech. Abimelech may have been the title of the kings of Gath, or Achish may have been the Philistine name of the king, and Abimelech the Semitic name.[532] This is another acrostic psalm with all but the last verse beginning with the successive letters of the Hebrew alphabet and with the omission of a verse beginning with the letter waw.

1.     God's goodness to His people 34:1-7

34:1-3        David exulted in the LORD and called on his people to praise God with him using their mouths, not just their minds. In other words, he referred to public praise, not private praise.

"The purpose of praise is not to make God's people feel good but to acknowledge in a communal way the greatness of our God (v. 3; cf. 30:1; 69:30; 99:5, 9; 107:32; 145:1)."[533]

"The kind of blessing God gives to his people calls forth a response in kind."[534]

34:4-7        The psalmist's recent experience of God answering his prayer for help and delivering him (vv. 4, 6) was only one example of His goodness. Those who trust in the LORD never experience disappointment (vv. 5, 7).

"If the sequence in verses 2 and 3 was in essence 'I have reason to praise Him; join me', here [in verses 4 and 5] it is 'This was my experience; it can be yours'."[535]

"The angel of the Lord" (v. 7) is undoubtedly a reference to the LORD Himself (cf. Gen. 16:13; 22:11-12; 31:11, 13; 48:16; Judg. 6:11, 16, 22; 13:22-23; Zech. 3:1-2). He is, specifically, the pre-incarnate Christ (cf. Gen. 18:1-2; 19:1; 24:7; 2 Sam. 24:16; Zech. 1:12). David saw Him, with the eyes of faith, surrounding and protecting His trusting people. Therefore he did not fear.[536] This is one of only three references to the angel of the Lord in the psalms, the other two being in 35:5 and 6.

2.     God's blessing of the righteous 34:8-22

This section of verses records David's instructions to the people concerning how they could experience a full, long life. This is didactic wisdom literature similar to what we find in the Book of Proverbs. The phrase "takes [or take] refuge in Him" appears at the beginning and end of this section, like bookends (vv. 8, 22).

34:8-10      David called on the people to experience the LORD's goodness personally, by relying on Him in their times of distress. He assured them that if they did, He would not disappoint them.

"David gave a threefold witness of what the Lord does for His own: He saves (vv. 4-8), He keeps (v. 7), and He satisfies (v. 8)."[537]

"The Bible assumes as a self-evident fact that men can know God with at least the same degree of immediacy as they know any other person or thing that comes within the field of their experience."[538]

Young, self-reliant lions occasionally cannot provide for their own needs adequately, but people who trust in the LORD never suffer such a fate (cf. Matt. 6:33).

"It is not an empty promise of affluence but an assurance of His responsible care … [cf. Deut. 6:24; 8:3; Rom. 8:28, 37]. This theme is now pursued in the next section, especially verses 12-14."[539]

34:11         David addressed his people like a parent instructs his children. He promised wise counsel on the subject of trusting God.

The story is told of a teacher named Pestalozzi who lived in a Swiss village. He was highly esteemed by his peers and deeply loved by the children in his town, whose lives were molded by the strength of his character. After he died, a statue of him was erected in the town. When the sculpture was unveiled, everyone was amazed to see how much it resembled the old master. The teacher was shown kneeling down, with a little child looking up into his face. But those who knew him best felt the sculptor had missed the dominant desire of the teacher: to have his students look up to the challenging heights of learning, and to God, not to him. So the statue was re-sculpted, and a second unveiling revealed the child peering toward heaven rather than looking at the teacher. Someone has said that a good teacher captures a student’s attention so he can direct it toward God.

34:12-14    God had promised long life to the godly in Israel as a reward for righteous behavior (cf. Exod. 20:12; Deut. 5:33). Therefore the psalmist urged truthful speech, good deeds, and peaceful conduct.

"Anger is murder to one's own self as well as to its objects."[540]

34:15-16    Righteous people can look forward to the LORD's favor and His awareness of their needs, but the wicked can expect His antagonism and resistance.

34:17-18    God grants the petitions of the righteous when they pray for deliverance out of broken hearts.

34:19-21    The LORD also delivers the righteous out of his troubles. Keeping his bones from breaking (v. 20) expresses complete protection in spite of cruel opposition. The Apostle John used this verse in John 19:36 to describe God's care of His Son during His crucifixion.

34:22         This verse summarizes the reasons the godly should praise the LORD. This fact might not be clear from the content of the verse. We could understand it as another repetition of the thoughts expressed elsewhere in different terms. However, in the Hebrew Bible, this verse breaks the sequence of the acrostic structure of the psalm. It does not begin with the succeeding letter of the Hebrew alphabet, as all the preceding verses do. There is an omission of a line beginning with the letter waw, however, between verses 5 and 6. Perhaps an ancient copyist overlooked this line.

"Verses 21 and 22 virtually summarize Psalms 1 and 2."[541]

Believers should be careful to give God praise for His deliverance from our spiritual enemies. We should view instances of His deliverance as opportunities to remind ourselves, and one another, to continue to walk in the ways of righteousness faithfully.

Psalm 35

David lamented the unjustified opposition of his enemies in this psalm and called on God to deliver him. It is really a combination of three laments with a protest of innocence (cf. Pss. 17; 26; 43; 69). The language alternates between legal and military terminology.

"Whether or not this psalm was written as a companion to Psalm 34, it is well placed next to it, not only because of some verbal affinities and contrasts (notably 'the angel of the Lord', 34:7; 35:5, 6, found nowhere else in the Psalter), but because it speaks out of the kind of darkness which has just been dispelled in the former psalm. The deliverance celebrated in that psalm is now seen to be not invariably swift or painless, but subject, if God wills, to agonizing delays."[542]

"Beyond a doubt, David's Lord may be seen here by the spiritual eye."[543]

1.     A prayer for deliverance 35:1-10

In this section, David asked God to deliver him from enemies who were trying to kill him without cause.

35:1-3        David appealed to the LORD for defense, as to a champion who goes out in battle for another (cf. Josh. 5:13-15).

35:4-6        He asked God to rout his enemies and humiliate them (cf. Ps. 2). He wished God would blow them away like chaff and remove their stability so they would fall (cf. Ps. 1). The angel of the LORD is the leader of God's heavenly army: the pre-incarnate Christ (cf. 34:7). David wanted Him to do to his enemies what they intended to do to him. This is in keeping with how God usually deals with the wicked.

35:7-8        The reason for David's request was his enemies' unwarranted attempts to kill him. He prayed that they might experience the fate that they hoped would be his.

35:9-10      If God granted deliverance, David promised to rejoice in the LORD and to praise Him (cf. 1 Sam. 1; Luke 1:46-55).

"My soul (9) and my bones (10) are two emphatic ways of saying 'I' or 'myself,' as in 6:2, 3; cf. our own expression 'I know it in my bones'."[544]

2.     A lament over unjust opposition 35:11-18

In the first section of the psalm, the emphasis is on petition, but in this one it is on lament.

35:11-12    The psalmist's malicious enemies were repaying him evil for the good he had done them (cf. 1 Sam. 24:17). They were evidently also charging him falsely.

35:13-14    When they were sick, David prayed for their recovery and mourned over their condition. He even fasted, which shows the extent to which he sacrificed so they would recover.[545]

35:15-16    Conversely, when David experienced trouble, rather than showing concern for them, they mocked and really made his condition worse.

35:17-18    David called on God to stop waiting and to act for him. When He would, David would give Him public praise.

"Most men publish their griefs; good men should proclaim their mercies."[546]

3.     A petition for justice 35:19-28

In this section, the emphasis lies on the need for God to act for David.

35:19-21    Winking at one another, David's enemies communicated their sneaky intention to trap the psalmist in their plot. They were lying to turn others against him. They were also giving false testimony concerning his actions.

35:22-26    Their claims of having seen David do something bad were groundless, but God had seen their evil actions. David called God to end His silence and act for him. By vindicating David, God would frustrate the attempts of the wicked to triumph over the upright.

35:27-28    In closing, David asked God to cause his supporters to give glory to the LORD for vindicating His righteous servant. When deliverance came, David too would praise God for His righteous dealings.

"His enemies seek to exalt themselves over him, but instead of exalting himself he prays for the Lord's exaltation. This suggests that even the imprecation factor in this psalm is more for the Lord's sake than for his."[547]

The people of God can appeal for vindication when others falsely accuse them of doing evil, and can count on God's deliverance in the future, because He is just.

Psalm 36

This primarily wisdom psalm, with elements of individual lament and praise, contains an oracle [revelation] that David received from the LORD concerning the wicked. In contrast to them, he rejoiced in the loyal love and righteousness of God. One writer titled his exposition of this psalm, "Man at His Worst, God at His Best."[548]

"This is a psalm of powerful contrasts, a glimpse of human wickedness at its most malevolent, and divine goodness in its many-sided fullness. Meanwhile the singer is menaced by the one and assured of victory by the other. Few psalms cover so great a range in so short a space."[549]

"The coexistence of three literary types within a poem of thirteen verses points up the limitations of the form-critical approach to the Psalter."[550]

1.     Revelation concerning the wicked 36:1-4

36:1           The NIV translation, "An oracle is within my heart concerning the sinfulness of the wicked," is preferable. That of Leupold is even clearer: "A divine oracle about transgression has been heard in my heart with reference to the wicked."[551] An oracle is a message from God. The LORD had given His prophet special revelation concerning how the wicked look at life and how they live. They do not dread (Heb. pahad, rather than yirah, the usual word for "fear") the LORD. That is, they feel no uneasiness, as they should, since God will judge them for their sins. This is the climactic characteristic of sin in Romans 3:18.

"When a man has no fear of God, he is prepared for any crime."[552]

"Without the fear of God I would not stop at doing evil; the fear of God restrains. Without the grace of God I would have no desire to approach positive goodness."[553]

36:2-4        Without this dread of the LORD, the wicked boldly pursues evil continually. He silences his conscience and goes on speaking deceptively, and acting vainly, without any inner restraint.

"He who makes little of God makes much of himself."[554]

"'Listen to your heart!' the world tells us, forgetting that 'The heart is more deceitful than all else and is desperately sick; who can understand it?' (Jer. 17:9, NASB)."[555]

2.     Reflection concerning the LORD 36:5-9

36:5-6        David delighted in meditating on God's attributes rather than disregarding Him. Instead of pushing God out of his worldview, the psalmist made Him the center of it. He gloried in God's mercy (Heb. hesed), faithfulness, righteousness, and judgments.

"A little sidelight on that remarkable judgment is brought into the picture by way of a brief reminiscence: 'man and beast dost Thou save, O Lord,' Noah and the beasts in the ark. The one striking instance is recalled when iniquity was rampant but God's well-tempered and righteous judgment was able to cope with the situation."[556]

"When men sin so impudently, who does not admire the divine longsuffering?"[557]

36:7-9        The result of this godly philosophy of life contrasts with that of the wicked (vv. 2-4). Because God is merciful, His people can find refuge in Him (cf. Ruth 2:12; Matt. 23:37). They also enjoy the provisions of His heavenly house. They experience a virtual paradise on earth, as Adam and Eve did in Eden before the Fall. God provides life and the light of understanding for those who take Him into account.

"Knowing the character of God is essential to a balanced Christian life, and these five verses are a concise systematic theology."[558]

3.     Request concerning the future 36:10-12

David prayed, in closing, that God's mercy and righteousness would continue to captivate his affections, so that the evil philosophy of the wicked would not win his heart. He wanted to abide in humble submission to the LORD rather than rising up in pride and disregarding Him. The ultimate end of the wicked would be destruction, from which they could not recover.

"Our best defense against violence is still prayer."[559]

Believers should contemplate the two philosophies of life, espoused by the wicked and the God-fearing, as well as their consequences. The godly should appreciate the superiority of recognizing God and living in the light of His revealed character. Nevertheless, they should realize that the wicked person's viewpoint is attractive, and should guard against adopting it.

Psalm 37

This wisdom psalm advances the thought of Psalm 36. Note the mention of doers of injustice in 36:12 and the reference to wrongdoers in 37:1. Here David urged the righteous not to let the prosperity of the wicked upset them, but to continue to trust in God's justice. Similar encouragements characterize Psalms 49 and 73. Here the psalmist used several proverbial expressions to convey his exhortation.

"In a moving way the psalmist deals with the issues of life and death, wisdom and folly, and reward and punishment. He is most sensitive to the question of the future and its rewards and sufferings. The psalmist affirms that the Lord will sustain the righteous and that they will fully enjoy the blessings promised to them. The sage sets before the reader or hearer the highway of wisdom, even as our Lord called on his followers to learn from him the way that pleases our Father in heaven (Matt 5:2-10)."[560]

"David's personal history abundantly illustrates the Psalm."[561]

"It contains eight great precepts, is twice illustrated by autobiographical statements, and abounds in remarkable contrasts."[562]

This is also an acrostic psalm, but in this case each strophe (every other verse) begins with the succeeding letter of the Hebrew alphabet. A strophe is a logical unit determined by either the subject matter or the structure of the poem. It is a poetic paragraph.

"This is the most obviously sapiential [having, providing, or expounding wisdom] of all the psalms. Indeed it is a collection of sayings that might easily be found in the book of Proverbs. It appears to be a rather random collection of sayings without any order or development. However, there is an important qualification to that statement, for this psalm is acrostic and so is crafted with pedagogical purpose. That carefully ordered arrangement corresponds to the claim made for the substance of the psalm; that is, the world is exceedingly well ordered, and virtue is indeed rewarded."[563]

1.     A call to continuing trust 37:1-8

37:1-2        Righteous people should not envy those who practice evil, nor fret because they prosper. Their success will be only temporary. Even though they may prosper all their lives, their success is brief in the light of eternity.

37:3-4        Positively, we should center our lives on God. We should continue to trust in the LORD to do what is right and persist in doing right ourselves. For the Israelite, this meant staying in the Promised Land rather than leaving it for greener pastures elsewhere. Those who take delight in the LORD will receive their hearts' desires. The righteous who delight in the LORD will want to see His will done, and that will happen eventually for them.

"We must make God our heart's delight and then we shall have our heart's desire, v. 4."[564]

37:5-7a      Committing one's way to the LORD means submitting one's life and its daily events to the will of God.

"The original says, 'Roll your way,' the figure being: dislodge the burden from your shoulders and lay it on God, who has bidden you follow this course."[565]

If we do this, we will experience what He wants for us. Eventually God will reward our righteousness and show that our confidence was wise.

"An obsession with enemies and rivals cannot be simply switched off, but it can be ousted by a new focus of attention … It includes a deliberate redirection of one's emotions (4a, take delight; cf. Paul and Silas in prison, singing as well as praying), and an entrusting of one's career (your way, 5) and reputation (your vindication, 6) to Him."[566]

"If we take care to keep a good conscience, we may leave it to God to take care of our good name."[567]

"Give God time. He will work things out in your life."[568]

"Creative silence is a rare commodity today, even in church worship services. People cannot tolerate silence … But unless we learn to wait silently before God, we will never experience His peace."[569]

37:7b-8      David concluded this opening section of the psalm by returning to the idea with which he began. The righteous should not allow the success of wicked people to distract them to the point where they depart from God's will.

2.     The assurance of just punishment 37:9-22

37:9-11      In view of these verses, perhaps the wicked were grabbing land that did not belong to them. David assured his listeners that the wicked would not succeed long. Those who submitted to God's authority would eventually possess the land He had promised them (cf. Matt. 5:5). The meek are those who choose the way of patient faith rather than self-assertion, as the preceding verses make clear.

37:12-22    David proceeded to give a basis for confidence in the assurance that he had just given in verses 9-11. Five contrasts provide this security: The LORD, whose strength far exceeds that of the wicked, opposes them (vv. 12-13). The evil that the wicked do will come back on them (vv. 14-15). The LORD will sustain the righteous (vv. 16-17).

"He whose arms are broken [v. 17] can neither injure others nor help himself."[570]

The righteous are the special objects of God's careful attention (vv. 18-20). Finally, God will reward the unselfishness of the righteous, but punish the selfishness of the wicked (vv. 21-22).

3.     The assurance of God's care for the just 37:23-31

37:23-24    The LORD delights in how a good person lives, and He blesses his or her activities. Even though such people may stumble as they go through life, they will not experience a fatal fall from which they cannot rise.

37:25-26    God is faithful to His promises to provide for His faithful followers. David could testify that he had never seen the LORD forsake the righteous nor had he observed any of their descendants unable to get food. God promised the Israelites that He would bless the descendants of those who obeyed Him (Deut. 7:9).

It is possible to account for the fact that some believers have starved to death. They may not have followed the LORD faithfully, or they may have been part of a larger group, even all humanity, that did not follow Him faithfully and was under His judgment (cf. v. 4). David did not say the righteous never starve to death, only that he had never seen any that did. His point was that God takes care of the righteous.

37:27-29    The LORD loves justice and does not forsake the godly. He preserves them but cuts off the wicked.

37:30-31    The righteous live in the light of God's law and so advocate wisdom and justice. This trait brings stability to their lives.

4.     The conflict between the wicked and the righteous 37:32-40

37:32-34    The wicked really tries to overcome God when he sets himself against the righteous. The wicked will inevitably fail because God's power is much greater than his own. Consequently, the righteous person only needs to wait for God to act for him.

37:35-36    David again gave a personal testimony, this time of a very prosperous wicked person's destruction (cf. v. 25).

37:37-38    The posterity of the righteous will remain, but that of the wicked will pass away. David said we can count on that. Good people leave blessings behind them, but evil individuals leave nothing of real value.

37:39-40    In conclusion, David focused again on the LORD. He is the salvation of those who take refuge in Him. He is their strength, help, and deliverer. Therefore the righteous should continue to trust in Him even when the wicked prosper and oppose them.

God's people should not stop trusting in the LORD because the wicked prosper temporarily, nor should we despair when they seem to prevail against us. Rather, we should continue to trust in the LORD, take refuge in Him, and rely on His faithfulness to His promises. Reviewing His past faithfulness will enable us to do this.

This is a helpful psalm to read whenever we feel discouraged by the apparent prosperity of the wicked.

"This poem, more explicitly than the torah psalms, articulates a close and predictable connection between deed and consequence. The purpose of such instruction (which indirectly attests the authority of the sovereign Creator) is to instill in the young socially acceptable modes of behavior. Such behavior contributes decisively to the well-being of the entire community. Thus the argument refers to God, but the case is made largely on utilitarian grounds—it works!"[571]

Psalm 38

In this individual lament psalm, which has been called "the penitent's plea,"[572] David expressed regret that he had sinned against God and had thereby incurred His discipline. This discipline came in the form of opposition from enemies that the psalmist asked God to remove. David's adultery may have been the occasion for writing this psalm. Delitzsch suggested that the proper chronological sequence of the penitential psalms may be 6, 38, 51, and 32.[573] Leupold held a different sequence: 51, 32, and 38.[574]

The title "memorial" or "petition" (NIV) literally means: "to bring to remembrance." It also occurs in the title of Psalm 70.

"Since with God to remember is to act, this word speaks of laying before Him a situation that cries out for His help."[575]

1.     God's discipline 38:1-12

38:1-2        David viewed his present suffering as an indication that God was very angry with him (cf. 6:1). He pictured God shooting arrows at him, as though God were his enemy in battle, and as pressing down on him with His cosmic hand.

"The setting is less the courtroom than the classroom, and Yahweh is less a judge than a teacher correcting a student."[576]

38:3-8        These verses articulate the psalmist's lament over the physical consequences of his sufferings. He had evidently lost good health and was in pain (cf. 6:2). His agony extended to his spirit as well as to his body. His sickness was punishment for his sin (vv. 3, 5).

"… sure am I that when a man is laboring under the burden of sin, he will be full of complaint. The Bible records hundreds of the complaints of God's people under the burden of sin."[577]

"In many things, our estimates are extravagant; but we never overestimate the evil of sin. It is as corrupting as it is damning. It covers the soul with plague-spots, with leprosy (Isa. 1:5-6)."[578]

38:9-12      David's sufferings had also affected others. This emphasis on the relational consequences of sin continues through verse 20. The LORD knew his condition (vv. 9-10), his friends were avoiding him (v. 11), and his enemies were taking advantage of his weakness. They were trying to belittle and destroy him.

2.     David's hope 38:13-22

38:13-16    David paid no attention to the threats of his enemies, because he believed that God would vindicate him in response to his prayers.

"How different is this sufferer from Job! This man is silently absorbed in his suffering, whereas Job was all too anxious to protest against his friends and to argue with God."[579]

David was remarkable for his ability to wait for God (v. 15). His years of suffering at Saul's hands, his critics in the tribe of Benjamin, and his treatment by Absalom, taught him to do this.

38:17-20    Evidently the psalmist felt like he was at the end of his rope. He wanted God to respond to his calls for help very soon. David had confessed whatever sin had led to his painful condition (cf. James 5:15). He was anxious about its consequences, but there was nothing more that he could do except wait for God to deliver him.

38:21-22    The psalm closes with a supplication. David pleaded with God to come to his rescue and deliver him soon. The LORD had forsaken him and had stood aloof from his suffering long enough. Now it was time to save.

Sometimes believers bring physical, emotional, and interpersonal suffering on themselves by sinning. In such cases, God may discipline us with pain, so that we will learn not to do the same thing again. In the process, we should reaffirm our trust in God as our deliverer from all our woes, as David did.

Psalm 39

David seems to have composed this wisdom psalm, which is in the form of an individual lament, during a prolonged illness that almost proved fatal, or as the result of the prosperity of the wicked (cf. Ps. 60; Job). He petitioned God to extend his days and to stop the chastening. This psalm is quite similar to the preceding one, but in this one David did not mention opposition from his enemies.

"This psalm has been used at funerals a great deal, and it can be used so properly."[580]

Jeduthun, mentioned in the title, was one of David's chief musicians (1 Chron. 16:41-42). He may be the same person as Ethan (1 Chron. 15:19). Perhaps David wrote the psalm for Jeduthun to perform or lead, or for the group of musicians that were under his direction.

1.     The brevity of life 39:1-6

39:1-3        David harbored some strong feelings that he refrained from expressing publicly. Like a fire within him, they burned to come out. But he held them in, fearing that he might regret his words. His feelings arose out of his discipline at God's hand (v. 9).

39:4-6        David finally found relief by expressing his frustration to God. He prayed that God would teach him to appreciate the brevity of human life (cf. 90:10, 12). Evidently David was an old man when he wrote this psalm. His life seemed very short looking back on it. People measured short distances with handbreadths in David's time (v. 5). The pursuits of life are relatively insignificant in view of the short time that we live.

"Before the Eternal, all the age of frail man is less than one ticking of a clock."[581]

"This term [Selah, v. 5] is derived from the verb salal, 'to lift up.' It occurs in 39 psalms and in the 'psalm of Habakkuk' (Hab. 3). No one is certain of the exact meaning of this word—that is, what is to be lifted up. Some think that Selah is an emphatic word, marking a point in the psalm for 'lifting up' one's thoughts to God. But most scholars think it is simply some form of musical notation, such as a marker of a musical interlude, a pause, or a change of key."[582]

2.     The importance of faith in God 39:7-13

39:7           The psalmist threw himself on the LORD, trusting Him to make the rest of his life enjoyable.

39:8-9        David's suffering was due to God's chastening. Perhaps he had sinned with his mouth and therefore felt compelled to guard his speech closely (cf. vv. 1-2).

"If the King of kings lays His hand on our backs, let us, beloved, lay our hands on our mouths."[583]

There are three reasons for suffering: calamity, punishment, and chastening (discipline). David was suffering because God was chastening him.

39:10-11    David needed relief. He spoke as though he felt God was chewing up his life like a moth eats a garment. The long duration of his affliction made him sense the brevity of life. God was disciplining him (cf. Heb. 12:5-11).

"God whispers to us in our pleasures, speaks in our conscience, but shouts in our pains: it is His megaphone to arouse a deaf world."[584]

"It is not to consume us, but to consume our sins, that the Lord aims at in His chastisements."[585]

"This is a model of the right approach to God when conscious of sin."[586]

39:12-13    In closing, David asked God to remove His instrument of chastening, whatever it was, so that he could enjoy his final years of life.[587]

"Man in his corrupt state is like Nebuchadnezzar—he hath a beast's heart that craves no more than the satisfaction of his sensual appetite; but when renewed by grace, then his understanding returns to him."[588]

The brevity of life impresses one increasingly as he or she grows older. People are usually more conscious of the shortness of life in times of sorrow than in happy times. It is natural for a believer to want God to teach him or her to live wisely, and to want Him to be patient with one's sinfulness in view of life's shortness.

Psalm 40

Psalms 37 through 41, the final grouping of psalms in Book I, all record David's pleas for deliverance from suffering as the consequence of personal sin, but psalms 40 and 41 also record his deliverance. All five of these psalms emphasize the importance of waiting for the LORD.

In this psalm, David offered himself as a sacrifice to God because the LORD had delivered him. He also lamented his distress and prayed for salvation. The psalm is a combination of thanksgiving (vv. 1-10) and lament (vv. 11-17), and it is messianic (vv. 6-8; cf. Heb. 10:5-9).[589]

1.     Thanksgiving for salvation 40:1-10

40:1-3        The psalmist testified to his people that the LORD had answered his prayer for deliverance after a long time in which David had waited solely on the LORD. God had, at last, reestablished His servant. Consequently, David had a new song of praise for the LORD. His praise would encourage others to renew their confidence in Yahweh.

40:4           The person who does not rely on the self-sufficient or liars, but puts his complete trust in the LORD, experiences great blessing.

40:5           The LORD's wonderful acts for the righteous are too numerous to recount completely, much less His beneficent thoughts. No one can compare with Yahweh, as far as His gracious plans to bless are concerned.

40:6           Animal and meal (grain) offerings were not of primary importance to God under the Mosaic Law. More important than sacrifices, for either worship or expiation, was the believer's true commitment of himself or herself to the LORD (cf. 1 Sam. 15:22-23). True worship always consists of both a right heart and a right offering.[590]

"We know that after the destruction of the second temple by the Romans in A.D. 70, the rabbis taught that the lack of sacrifice could be compensated for by study of the Torah, faithful prayer, fasting, and deeds of kindness."[591]

The clause "You have opened (lit. dug, or pierced) my ears" may mean that David viewed God as having made him His willing slave by being so gracious to him (cf. Exod. 21:6). This would harmonize with verse 8, where David voiced his delight in being God's servant. However, it may be that David meant that God had given him the ability to comprehend and obey His Word (cf. v. 8).[592]

40:7-8        Because God had been so good to David, the psalmist yielded his life as a living sacrifice to Him (Rom. 12:1-2). As the LORD's anointed king, David was responsible to follow the directions handed on to him in the scroll of the Mosaic Law. Because God had captured his affections, David could say the Law was in his heart, not just in his hands. He delighted to do God's will, rather than just doing it out of obligation.

In Hebrews 10:5-7, the writer of that epistle quoted verses 6-8 as expressing Jesus Christ's attitude at His incarnation.[593] The sacrifices of the Mosaic system could never satisfy God's high demands. They only removed sin temporarily and expressed worship superficially. The offering that fully satisfied God was the willing self-sacrifice of the sinless Son of Man. Jesus Christ offered Himself to God as David did, as expressed in this psalm.

40:9-10      Part of God's will for David, as a person and as Israel's king, was that he should praise the LORD. The psalmist said that he carried out this duty joyfully. He spoke publicly of God's righteousness, faithfulness, salvation, mercy, and truth.

2.     Petition for salvation 40:11-17

"It appears that the lament is composed with precise reference to the thanksgiving song so that the thanksgiving song adds weight to the complaint."[594]

40:11-12    The upbeat spirit of this psalm changes dramatically at verse 11.

"Now, in accordance with the true art of prayer, petition develops itself out of thanksgiving."[595]

David appealed to the LORD for continuing deliverance on the basis of God's past salvation and the psalmist's personal dedication to God. He referred to his troubles as arising out of his many sins (v. 12). He had praised God for His mercy and truth in the past (v. 10). Now he counted on those qualities to sustain him in the future (v. 11).

"He was so deeply troubled that he lost perspective …"[596]

40:13-15    David cried out for quick deliverance (cf. 35:4). As the LORD's anointed, who was serving Him sacrificially with a pure heart, the psalmist could make such a request boldly.

"It must be remembered that the enemies were probably not known personally. They were Israel's national enemies who hated Israel, David, and Yahweh, the God of Israel. The psalmist no doubt knew the admonition to love one's enemies (cf. Prov 25:21; Matt 5:44), but these enemies destabilized the rule of God on earth! As long as the kingdom of God suffers persecution and harassment, we pray for God's kingdom to come, which includes the petition that the Lord will come to vindicate his own and avenge his enemies (cf. 2 Thess 1:5-10). The enemies liked taking potshots at God's people, shouting contemptibly, 'Aha! Aha!' (v. 15; 35:21, 25). The psalmist prays that the Lord will quickly and suddenly change their fortunes so that they will know who is God (v. 14; cf. 35:4, 26 …"[597]

40:16         A speedy deliverance from King David's enemies would move the people of Israel to rejoice, feel encouraged, and praise the LORD.

40:17         The LORD's "living sacrifice," i.e., David, cried out again, in conclusion, that the One to whom he looked for help would save him soon (cf. 35:10; 37:14).

Verses 13-17 are very similar to Ps. 70.

We who are believers should present ourselves as living sacrifices to God with a willing heart because of His grace to us. Having done so, we can appeal to Him for help against our spiritual enemies and expect His aid. Nevertheless, we should base our appeal on what will glorify God.[598]

Psalm 41

David assured the godly, in this thanksgiving psalm, that those who help the needy would experience deliverance themselves from the LORD. He had learned this lesson through a difficult experience, to which he referred. There is lament in this psalm, but it begins and ends with praise.

1.     God's blessings on the merciful 41:1-3

41:1           This verse succinctly states the lesson that this whole psalm teaches: God blesses people who take care of those who cannot care for themselves, and He delivers them when they need help.

"How foolish are they that fear to lose their wealth by giving it and fear not to lose themselves by keeping it! He that lays up his gold may be a good jailer, but he that lays it out is a good steward."[599]

The phrase "Blessed is" begins and closes the first book of Psalms (cf. 1:1), forming an inclusio or envelope for this part of the collection.

41:2-3        More specific blessings from the LORD are: protection, long life, a good reputation on earth, protection from enemies, sustenance in sickness, and restoration to health.

"The miser, like the hog, is of no use till he is dead—then let him die; the righteous, like the ox, is of service during life—than let him live."[600]

In the Mosaic Law, God's promised blessings for the righteous were mainly physical, though there were spiritual blessings too. Under the Law of Christ (Gal. 6:2), most blessings are spiritual, though some are physical.

"When I vis[i]ted one day, as he was dying, my beloved friend, Benjamin Parsons, I said, 'How are you today, Sir?' He said, 'My head is resting very sweetly on three pillows—infinite power, Infinite love, and Infinite wisdom.'"[601]

2.     God's punishment of the treacherous 41:4-9

David continued to address the congregation of Israel, and he presented the alternative to caring for the helpless, along with its consequences. He did this by relating a personal experience.

41:4           David had been in need of help at some time in the past. Apparently he had sinned, and God had chastened him with sickness. He then cried out to God for help.

41:5-8        His enemies, rather than being merciful, took advantage of his weakness. They hoped for his death, spoke hypocritically to him when they visited him, and spread gossip that he would not survive.

41:9           Even a former genuine friend of David's had turned against him. Ahithophel, who betrayed David and then hanged himself (2 Sam. 16:20—17:3, 23), did this.[602] Yet it is not certain that he was the person the psalmist had in mind here. David had more than one friend who later turned against him. Jesus quoted this verse and applied it to Judas (John 13:18).

"Nay, have not we ourselves behaved thus perfidiously [deceitfully] and disingenuously [insincerely] towards God? We eat of his bread daily, and yet lift up the heel against him."[603]

3.     God's deliverance of the upright 41:10-13

41:10         David had asked God to restore his health so that he might repay his enemies.

"This is not a prayer that God will punish those who took advantage of him. He asks for strength to do it himself!"[604]

This may seem to be an unworthy motive in view of the Lord Jesus' instruction to love our enemies and do them good (Matt. 5:44). However, individuals in David's time who opposed the LORD's anointed king were opposing the LORD. The king was God's agent of judgment in Israel. This situation has no direct parallel in the Christian church.

41:11-12    The psalmist regarded his continuing success over his enemies as a sign that God was pleased with him. God had upheld him because he continued to do right. David was confident that this situation would continue forever.

41:13         David concluded with a doxology. He was sure that God would show mercy to those who were merciful (cf. 18:25-26). This consistency is in harmony with God's character, and it had proved true in David's personal experience. "Blessed" (Heb. baruk) means praiseworthy.

This verse also appropriately concludes the first major section of the Book of Psalms (chs. 1—41).

II.     Book 2: chs. 42—72

In Book 1, all the psalms except 1, 2, 10, and 33 claimed David as their writer. It is likely that he wrote those four as well, even though they do not bear his name (cf. Acts 4:25). In Book 2, the titles identify David as the writer of 18 psalms (Pss. 51—65, 68—70). He may also have written those bearing the notation, "of the sons of Korah" (Pss. 42, 44—49).

The sons of Korah were distinguished musicians. One Korah was a great-grandson of Levi who rebelled against Moses' leadership (Num. 16:1-2), but this Korah was one of the Levitical musicians that David and Solomon placed in charge of temple worship (1 Chron. 6:16-44; 15:5-24; 16:41-42; 25:1-8). Some scholars believe that David wrote these psalms for the sons of Korah to perform. Others believe the sons of Korah composed them. There is great similarity between the content of these psalms and the ones David wrote. Asaph wrote Psalm 50, and Solomon composed Psalm 72. Psalms 43, 66, 67, and 71 are anonymous.

The name Elohim occurs 164 times in this section of the Psalms, and the name Yahweh (LORD) appears only 30 times.[605] Thus one might think of this book as "the book of Elohim." In the first book of Psalms, the name Yahweh appears 272 times, and Elohim occurs only 15 times. Psalms 42 through 83 have sometimes been called the "Elohistic Psalter."[606]

J. Vernon McGee believed that the five books of Psalms correspond to the five books of the Pentateuch.[607] This similarity is not as clear to me as it was to him, but it may be somewhat valid.

Psalm 42

Some ancient Hebrew manuscripts united Psalms 42 and 43 as one. This is understandable, since the same refrain occurs in both of them (cf. 42:5, 11; 43:5). Psalm 42 expresses the writer's yearning for God.[608] It consists of two stanzas, each of which ends with the same refrain. Both psalms are individual laments with expressions of trust.

The superscription identifies the sons of Korah as the writers (or recipients) of this psalm.

"Korah, Asaph, Heman, and Ethan are all associated with the service and music of the sanctuary in David's reign. During Ezra and Nehemiah's time (fifth century B.C.), the temple singers were still called the 'sons of Asaph.' In view of the long and continued service of these temple servants, we cannot be absolutely sure when these psalms were composed, but whether they were written in the time of David or as late as Ezra, they are still Davidic associates, and that seems to reinforce the Davidic nature of these collections."[609]

1.     The psalmist's longing for God 42:1-5

The writer suffered at the hands of tormenting enemies. He longed for God, whom he confidently expected to be able to praise in the future: when God would deliver him.

42:1-2        As water from a brook sustains a deer physically, so God Himself sustains people spiritually (cf. John 4:14). The psalmist was thirsty for God. He could not obtain the refreshment he needed yet, but he looked forward to finding it soon.

"To appear before God is as much the desire of the upright as it is the dread of the hypocrite."[610]

"The modern scientist has lost God amid the wonders of His world; we Christians are in real danger of losing God amid the wonders of His Word. We have almost forgotten that God is a Person and, as such, can be cultivated as any person can. It is inherent in personality to  be able to know other personalities, but full knowledge of one personality by another cannot be achieved in one encounter. It is only after long and loving mental intercourse that the full possibilities of both can be explored."[611]

42:3-4        Rather than drinking God (i.e., finding God satisfying), the writer had to drink his own tears. God was not proving to be satisfying just then. The writer remembered with great delight the times when he found spiritual refreshment at the sanctuary in Jerusalem, but he was not able to return there yet.

"Almost without exception, a call to remember is at the same time a call to action. … Memory is never passive but requires an active response to what is remembered. To remember Yahweh is to ground one's life in and on him and so to draw all one's life decisions and actions out of that foundation."[612]

42:5           The psalmist encouraged himself, rhetorically, by reminding himself that he would again praise God. He needed to continue to hope in God until then.

"To search out the cause of our sorrow is often the best surgery for grief. Self-ignorance is not bliss; in this case it is misery. The mist of ignorance magnifies the causes of our alarm; a clearer view will make monsters dwindle into trifles."[613]

"The Bible has much to say about why."[614]

2.     The psalmist's lamentation because of his enemies 42:6-11

In this stanza the writer focused on his enemies rather than on God. However, he came back to the same expression of confidence with which he ended the first stanza.

42:6           The psalmist wrote as though he was far from Jerusalem and the central sanctuary. Evidently he was near the Hermon range of mountains that stood north of the Sea of Chinnereth (Galilee). The Jordan Valley is quite wide north of this sea, and the mountains of Hermon rise up to the east from it. Mount Mizar is one of the hills in that area. It was a long way from Mount Zion (Jerusalem), where the ark dwelt in David's day.

In the Hebrew text "Hermon" is "Hermons." This is probably due to the fact that Mt. Hermon has two peaks, the north one being higher than the south one.[615]

42:7           The writer compared his troubles to waves cascading down on him, as if he were standing under a waterfall. He compared the noise of the waves to his troubles, which he personified as calling to one another to come and overwhelm him.

42:8           Nevertheless, he believed God would remain loyal to him. In the daytime the LORD would pour out His love to the psalmist, and in the night he would respond by praising God.

"God's continual love is a comfort for the soul continually beset by questions and mourning (cf. v. 3)."[616]

42:9-10      In his prayer, the writer would also ask God the reason for his continuing physical and emotional distress. The repeated taunt of his enemies would hopefully move God to deliver him (cf. v. 3).

"We may complain to God, but we are not allowed thus to complain of him."[617]

42:11         Again the psalmist encouraged himself with the rhetorical refrain (cf. v. 5).

When spiritually dry, we who are believers should remind ourselves that God is sufficient for all our needs. This remembrance will encourage us to continue to trust Him while we go through temporarily distressing periods.[618]

This is also an excellent psalm to read when we want to get to know God better.

Psalm 43

In this prayer the psalmist asked God to lead him back to Jerusalem so that he could worship God there and find refreshment and relief. As mentioned in my introductory comments concerning Psalm 42, this psalm may at one time have been the last part of that one. This psalm is the only one in Book 2 (Pss. 42—72) that does not have a heading.

1.     Prayer for vindication 43:1-3

43:1           The psalmist wrote as though most of the people in his nation had turned against him. He also referred to one opponent in particular. If David wrote this psalm, he may have done so when he fled from Absalom.

43:2           God had apparently deserted His servant, who relied on Him for strength. His enemy had the upper hand.

43:3           God's "light" is probably the revelation of His will that brings understanding and life. Another view is that it is His mercy or steadfast love.[619] His "truth" rests in His Word, which reveals that will. The psalmist prayed for God's guidance, through His Word, that would bring him back to Mt. Zion, the place where David's tabernacle, and later Solomon's temple, stood.

2.     Promise to praise 43:4

If God would bring him back to Jerusalem, the psalmist vowed to praise God publicly in the sanctuary.

3.     Prompting to trust 43:5

The writer encouraged himself with the confidence that he would yet praise God for His deliverance. Therefore he should continue to hope in Him (cf. 42:5, 11).

When adversaries falsely accuse us, we who are believers can find comfort and encouragement in the fact that ultimately God will vindicate us and bring us into His presence. There we will serve and praise Him.[620]

Psalm 44

The writer spoke for the nation of Israel in this psalm. He lamented a national disaster, namely, defeat by enemies, and he called on the God to deliver (cf. 2 Sam. 8:13-14). Evidently he could not identify sin in the nation as the cause of this defeat. He attributed it instead to it being "for Your sake" (v. 22). Israel was apparently suffering because she had remained loyal to God in a world hostile to Him. The basis of the psalmist's request was God's faithfulness to the patriarchs and the people's present trust in Him.[621]

"The spirit of disrespectful rebuke is found no where else in the Psalter."[622]

"Perhaps the Psalter's boldest appeal to God's faithfulness is found in Psalm 44, a communal lament psalm offered to God during an unidentified national catastrophe."[623]

Other communal or community lament psalms are 60, 74, 77, 79, 80, 83, 85, 90, 94, 123, 126, and 137.

"Perhaps this psalm was used at a national 'day of prayer' with a worship leader speaking the 'I/my' verses and the people the 'we/our' verses."[624]

1.     The reason for Israel's present trust in the God 44:1-8

The psalmist recalled God's past faithfulness to Israel's forefathers and affirmed the nation's present confidence in Elohim.

44:1-3        Speaking for the nation, the psalmist related the story of God giving the Promised Land to His people in Joshua's days, which their forefathers had told. He stressed that God had given Canaan to them by defeating their enemies; the Israelites did not win it by their own strength. Next to the Exodus, the most frequently mentioned period of Israel's history, in the Psalms, is the conquest of the land.[625]

44:4-8        Israel needed God's help again in her present conflicts with enemy nations. On the basis of parallels between this psalm and Psalm 60, Wiersbe suggested that the enemies in view may have been the Edomites and the Arameans (cf. 44:3 and 60:5; 44:5 and 60:12; 44:9, 23 and 60:1, 10).[626] The writer led the nation in looking to Elohim as her King and military commander (cf. Josh. 5:13-15). He not only affirmed his confidence in God but also renounced reliance on military armaments. He intended his statement that the nation had boasted in God and would thank Him forever (v. 8) to move the Strong One (Elohim) to save His people again.

"Only when the Israelites had put aside their confidence in weaponry and bravery could they become instruments in the hands of God."[627]

2.     Israel's present defeated condition 44:9-16

44:9-10      God had allowed His people to suffer defeat recently for some reason. The nation had retreated and the enemy had taken spoils.

"God's people, when they are cast down, are tempted to think themselves cast off and forsaken of God; but it is a mistake."[628]

44:11-12    These verses describe Israel's defeat figuratively. God had not protected His sheep but had allowed their enemy to ravage them. He had sold them to the enemy but had not profited from the bargain personally.

44:13-14    Israel's defeat had made her an object of ridicule among her neighbor nations. They laughed at God's people, because God had not defended them.

44:15-16    The psalmist's heart broke, because Israel suffered such humiliation. He suffered because God's reputation suffered too.

3.     The nation's continuing trust in God 44:17-22

44:17-19    Even though Elohim had abandoned His people temporarily, the psalmist claimed that the nation continued to trust and obey Him. They had continued to remember Him, and they had not forsaken allegiance to the Mosaic Covenant. They had done so in the face of their disastrous defeat.

44:20-22    Their defeat and humiliation were not the consequences of apostasy. They suffered innocently for some unknown reason. It seemed as though God had allowed Israel's enemy to slaughter some of His sheep for purposes known only to Him.

The Apostle Paul quoted verse 22 in Romans 8:36 as proof that even though God's people suffer, God does not forsake them.

4.     A prayer requesting divine intervention 44:23-26

The psalmist cried out to God to act for His people. He pictured God as asleep and in need of arousing (cf. Mark 4:38). Note that his appeal was to Adonai (the Lord). Elohim was still Israel's Master (Lord), even though she had suffered defeat.

"God is said to sleep when He does not interpose in whatever is taking place in the outward world here below …"[629]

Israel's Lord could not be angry because His people had sinned by turning to another god (vv. 18, 20). Israel had come to the end of her rope and was almost dead (v. 25). Since God had pledged to protect His people, the writer concluded with an appeal to His mercy (loyal love, v. 26).

Sometimes believers suffer through no apparent fault of their own. In such situations we should maintain our trust and obedience, and we should call on God to deliver us, as He has promised to do. Even if He allows us to perish in this life, we should still remain faithful to Him (cf. Job 13:15).

Psalm 45

This royal psalm glorified a king as he prepared for his wedding. The writer related the counsel that the bride had received as she anticipated the wedding. He then predicted that people would honor the king forever because of the descendants born to him. The psalmist also appears to have spoken prophetically of Christ (cf. Eph. 5:32-33; Heb. 1:8-9).[630]

"Psalm 45 is another example of a royal psalm which reflects the historical situation of ancient Israel, but which ultimately applies to Christ in that He is the one through whom the primary aspects of its idealistic portrayal of the Davidic ruler are fully realized."[631]

"Shoshannim" in the title means "lilies," and this word appears again in the title of Psalm 69. This may have been a hymn tune. The meaning of "Maskil" is still unclear. "A song of love" (lit., NASB) probably means "a wedding song" (NIV).

1.     Praise for the bridegroom 45:1-9

45:1           The psalmist claimed to be full of joy and inspiration as he composed this song. He said what he did out of a full heart.

45:2           To him, the king was the greatest man he knew. One evidence of this was his gracious speech, for which God had poured out His blessings on the king.

45:3-5        The writer called on his king to champion the cause of truth, humility, and righteousness. These three characteristics are the opposites of capriciousness, pride, and autocracy, which marked the ancient view of kings and kingship.[632] He encouraged him to pursue the enemies of justice and to defeat them. He was confident that, with the weapons of righteousness, the king would gain many victories.

45:6-7        The writer addressed his human king as God (Elohim). He did not mean that the king was truly the one and only living God but that he stood in the place of God and represented Him. Compare Exodus 21:6; 22:8-9; and Psalm 82:1 where the biblical writers called Israel's judges gods because they represented God.[633] This is an extravagant expression of praise for the king. God had blessed this king because he had represented the true God faithfully by ruling as God does. God had given the king a double anointing, the writer affirmed. He had made him king, and He had blessed him with great joy as king.

The writer of the Epistle to the Hebrews used these verses to point out the superiority of the Son of God to the angels (Heb. 1:5-7). He also used them to argue for the exaltation and righteous rule of Jesus Christ (Heb. 1:8-9). He viewed the anointing not so much as an event (Matt. 3:16-17) as the permanent state of the King (Isa. 11:1-2). He viewed these verses as prophetic of the eternal rule of David's greatest Son (cf. v. 6). What the writer of the psalm said of his king will happen when Jesus Christ returns to earth and sets up His kingdom that will endure forever.

"The end of the covenant history is that Israel and the nations together praise this love-worthy, heroic, and divine King …"[634]

45:8-9        The king's wedding garments were fragrant with aromatic spices. Perfumers made powdered myrrh out of a gum that a certain kind of Arabian tree secreted (cf. Prov. 7:17; Song of Sol. 1:13). Aloes apparently came from a pleasant-smelling wood (cf. Num. 24:6; Prov. 7:17; Song of Sol. 4:14). Cassia was a dried cinnamon blossom used for incense.[635] Ancient oriental monarchs decorated their palaces with ivory, and the amount of it they displayed represented their wealth and glory (cf. 1 Kings 10:18; 22:39; Amos 3:15; 6:4). Kings' daughters were among the most prestigious attendants in weddings. The ancients considered gold from Ophir, probably situated in Arabia, to be the best (cf. 1 Kings 9:28; 10:11; 22:48; Job 28:16; Isa. 13:12). The total picture of this wedding ceremony is one of extreme splendor and beauty, fitting for such a good king.

2.     Advice for the bride 45:10-15

45:10-11    The psalmist gave some good advice to the bride. She would be wise to make her husband her primary object of affection (cf. Gen. 2:24). This would make her even more attractive to him. She should also honor him, because he was now her authority ("Lord," cf. Gen. 2:18, 22).

45:12         If she followed this advice, she would enjoy the love and respect of other powerful people. Tyre was a Phoenician seaport. The Phoenicians were world travelers and traders. A gift from the daughter of the king of Tyre (or possibly the people of Tyre) would therefore be very desirable. Other powerful people would also court the bride's favor, if she glorified her worthy husband.

45:13-15    The bride was the daughter of a king herself. In these verses the psalmist pictured her coming into the palace for her marriage to her husband. Delitzsch believed that the king and queen in view were King Jehoram (or Joram) of Israel and his Queen Athaliah.[636]

3.     Benediction on the couple 45:16-17

The memory of the king's ancestors would pale in comparison with that of his descendants. The king's sons would become famous princes who would occupy positions of authority far and wide, because of the king's righteous rule. He would also enjoy a lasting reputation and the eternal gratitude of his subjects.

"There can be little doubt that this psalm was in the mind of John as he wrote Revelation 19:6-21. As he looked forward to the marriage of Christ, the Lamb, in heaven, he recalled how the bride clothed herself with acts of righteousness in preparation for Him (Rev. 19:6-8). Then John described the royal groom going forth to battle in righteousness (Rev. 19:11-21). Psalm 45, then, is typological of the greater Davidic King, Jesus Christ."[637]

"Words like these spoken at an ancient eastern wedding would be considered polite exaggeration, but when applied to Jesus Christ, they aren't strong enough!"[638]

We who are Christians should rejoice in our glorious King who will one day experience full union with His bride, the church (Eph. 5:23-32). He is worthy of our praise because He is completely true, humble, and righteous. We should also submit to His authority in view of who He is. We can look forward with great anticipation to our union with Him and our glorious future with Him from then on. His kingdom will endure forever, and everyone will honor His name throughout eternity.

The Old Testament also describes Israel as the bride of Yahweh. The Book of Hosea develops this figure quite fully. Literal interpreters of Scripture believe that one day Israel, now estranged from God, will repent and return to the LORD (Rom. 11). That will occur when Christ returns to the earth and the Jews will believe that Jesus is their Messiah (Zech. 12:10-14).

The fact that Scripture presents God as married to both Israel and the church does not mean that He is a bigamist. It simply uses the same figure to describe God's relationship to both groups as being like that of a husband to a wife: loving, protecting, providing, caring, etc. God has a plan for each group, and these plans are distinct, but His husband-like relationship to Israel and the church is the same.

Psalm 46

The psalmist magnified the LORD as His people's secure defense. Some writers believed that King Hezekiah wrote this psalm after Yahweh's deliverance from Sennacherib.[639] Wiersbe also believed Hezekiah may have written psalms 47 and 48.[640] Just as Zion was secure, because God dwelt there, so His people were safe because He resided among them. This psalm is a strong expression of trust in the LORD.

"To Alamoth" in the title probably means female voices were to sing this psalm, since the Hebrew word alamot means "maidens."[641]

1.     God's defense of His people 46:1-3

Verse 1 is one of the revelations of God's omnipresence. In order for Him to be present with believers in their troubles, He has to be everywhere at once.

"God is everywhere here, close to everything, next to everyone. Few other truths are taught in the Scriptures with as great clarity as the doctrine of the divine omnipresence. Those passages supporting this truth are so plain that it would take considerable effort to misunderstand them."[642]

God's people find safety and courage when they trust in Him. He is a shelter from danger and a source of strength for them. Consequently, they need not fear—even though they face many calamities. Martin Luther felt inspired to write the hymn "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God" because of this psalm.[643] The figure of the mountains sliding into the sea pictures tumultuous conditions, as do those of the storm-tossed sea and the earthquake. "Utter Confusion, Unutterable Peace," is what one author titled his exposition of this psalm.[644]

"Psalm 46 was born in the context of severe stress."[645]

2.     God's presence in Zion 46:4-7

46:4-5        God's presence in Jerusalem was similar to that of a refreshing, life-giving river, rather than the raging sea (v. 3; cf. Isa. 8:6; 33:21). Old Jerusalem, of course, had no literal river flowing through it (cf. Rev. 22:1-2). Because God abode in the city, it enjoyed great security. As time passed, however, God left the city, because His people forsook Him (Ezek. 8; 10).

"The imagery of the river and the streams is reminiscent of the description of the river with its four branches in the passage on the Garden of Eden (Gen 2:10-14). The restoration to the presence of God is likened to a restoration to the Garden of Eden of all those who are members of the City of God."[646]

46:6-7        When nations lifted themselves up in opposition to God and Israel, Elohim overthrew them (cf. Ps. 2:1-2). His mighty word even caused the earth to melt, a figurative description of the awesome power of God (cf. Gen. 1). Therefore, the God who preserved Jacob would also protect the Israelites. He controls the unseen armies of heaven. He is a Person to whom His people can run for refuge when enemies attack.

3.     God's exaltation in the earth 46:8-11

This psalm of confidence now transforms into an eschatological psalm, with the following prophetic oracle (v. 9).

46:8-9        The psalmist invited the people to come with him and view with their mind's eye the LORD's deliverances of His people. His army had destroyed Israel's enemies many times. In the future, He will cause all wars to cease worldwide.

46:10-11    The writer presented God Himself calling His people to rest their confidence in Him. Then he concluded by repeating his own expression of trust (v. 7).

The LORD's presence indwelling His own people should inspire trust and confidence. No external calamity or hostile adversary can overthrow the place where the LORD of Armies resides. Today God does not reside in a tabernacle building but in His people (1 Cor. 6:19).[647]

Read this psalm when your world seems to be falling apart.

Psalm 47

The psalmist called on all nations to honor Israel's God, who will one day rule over them. This is one of the so-called "enthronement" psalms that deals with Yahweh's universal reign (cf. Pss. 93; 95—99). These are prophetic psalms, since the worldwide rule of Messiah was future when the psalmist wrote.

"The enthronement festival is a scholarly extrapolation from a Babylonian festival in which the god Marduk was annually reenthroned in pomp and circumstance at a special event in the fall agricultural festival. The comparable occasion in Israel, or so thought Sigmund Mowinckel, was the Feast of Tabernacles in the seventh month. However, the direct biblical evidence for such an Israelite festival is virtually nil. It has essentially grown out of a 'parallelomania' in biblical studies that shapes Israelite religion in the form of the neighboring cultures' religions. One can identify parallels, to be sure, but the imposition of whole institutions on Israelite religion merely because echoes of such institutions from other cultures can be heard in the Psalms is questionable."[648]

A better title for this classification of psalms might be royal or "kingship of Yahweh" psalms.[649] These psalms bear the following characteristics: universal concern for all peoples and the whole earth, references to other gods, God's characteristic acts (e.g., making, establishing, judging), and physical and spiritual praise before the heavenly King.[650]

The Jews use this psalm on Rosh Hashana, the Jewish New Year's Day, and liturgical Christians use it as part of the celebration of Ascension Day.[651]

"Some have applied this Psalm to Christ's ascension; but it speaks of His Second Coming."[652]

The historical occasion of its writing may have been King Jehoshaphat's victory over his allied neighbors (2 Chron. 20), though this is by no means certain.[653] Another possibility is God's deliverance of the Judahites in Hezekiah's day (Isa. 36—37).[654]

1.     The sovereign King's homage 47:1-4

47:1-2        The psalmist called on all people to applaud Yahweh joyfully because He is the great universal sovereign enthroned on high. This is a call to willing submission to His authority.

"Kings in the ancient Near East loved to designate themselves by this title [great king] because with it were associated superiority, suzerainty, and the power to grant vassal treaties (cf. 2 Kings 18:19; Isa 36:4). Any king assuming this title could not tolerate competition. So it is with Yahweh. He alone is the Great King over all the earth (cf. Mal 1:11, 14)!"[655]

Gerald Wilson argued that "clap your hands" normally means to agree on something, like shaking or clasping hands signifies today, and that the nations ("peoples") are being called to agree with one another that Yahweh is to be feared.[656] This interpretation does not necessarily rule out the idea of this being a joyful celebration.

47:3-4        The LORD Most High showed His sovereignty by subduing nations to give the Israelites their inheritance in Canaan. When Jesus Christ returns to the earth, He will again exercise authority over all the nations and exalt Israel among them (Matt. 21:43; Rom. 11:1-32).

2.     The sovereign King's reign 47:5-9

47:5-6        The writer viewed Yahweh as mounting His cosmic throne to rule over all the earth. Trumpets announced His ascent with a fanfare. The psalmist called all people to sing praises to God because He is the sovereign King.

47:7-9        Again he called for praise, because Elohim reigns over all nations. The psalmist looked ahead in time to see this enthronement. It has not yet taken place, but the psalmist was sure it would happen. The King of the Universe will inevitably rule one day over all, and every knee will bow before Him (Phil. 2:9-11).[657]

Kenneth Hanna regarded verse 7 as the key verse in the Book of Psalms.[658]

As the saints experience discouragement, they can find hope and joy in the fact that, one day, Jesus Christ will subdue all His enemies and rule over all the nations.

Psalm 48

The psalmist again praised God for delivering Zion from her enemies (cf. Pss. 46 and 47). Jerusalem was secure and glorious because God had blessed it with His favor. Some scholars classify this as another royal psalm, and others view it as a Zion psalm.

"This is the last of a group of three millennial psalms. It celebrates the final and complete victory of the Messiah."[659]

The occasion of writing may again have been God's defeat of the Assyrians in Hezekiah's day (Isa. 36—37).[660]

1.     Zion's privilege 48:1-3

48:1           Ancient peoples connected the glory of a god with the place where he dwelt. That association is clear in this psalm. The holy mountain where His ark resided reflected God's greatness. This verse summarizes the theme of the psalm, namely, that God is worthy of great praise.

48:2-3        The lofty beauty of Jerusalem, situated on Mt. Zion in the northeast corner ("far north") of the city, gave all people reason to rejoice. It was superior in its beauty to that of Mt. Zaphon, the supposed abode of Baal, far to the north of Jerusalem, specifically some 25 miles to the northeast of Ugarit (cf. Isa. 14:13-14).[661] Yet what made Jerusalem truly great was the presence of "the great King" in it.

"Zaphon, located north of Israel, was the sacred mountain of the Canaanites from which their high god El supposedly ruled. However, Zion was the real 'Zaphon,' for it was here that the Lord God of Israel, the 'Great King' of the universe, lived and ruled (48:2)."[662]

The city was strong and safe because Yahweh resided there.

2.     Zion's security 48:4-8

48:4-6        Besieging armies could not prevail against God's stronghold: Zion. They turned away unsuccessful. It was as though the presence of Yahweh terrified them. The psalmist may have written these words shortly after an invading army, perhaps the Assyrians, had attacked Jerusalem and failed (cf. Isa. 10:8; 33:3, 14).

48:7           The east wind can be very strong and hot in Israel. Tarshish probably refers to some nation to the west, possibly near modern Spain. Ships of Tarshish were probably large Mediterranean vessels. The writer pictured their destruction as symbolic of God's defeat of nations foreign to Israel. Delitzsch believed that the reference to these ships helps us date the psalm to the reign of King Jehoshaphat of Judah.[663]

48:8           The psalmist could confirm earlier reports of God delivering Zion with his own eyewitness testimony. The LORD of Armies had indeed defended His capital with His mighty forces. Some of the LORD's troops were natural: Israel's fighting force. Some were supernatural: His angelic army.

3.     Zion's joy 48:9-14

48:9-10      Meditation on Yahweh's goodness (loyal love) and righteousness drew praise from the psalmist as he stood near God's house. Praise of God will extend as far as the revelation of His name (person) extends, namely, worldwide. All people have some knowledge of God through His self-revelation in nature.

48:11-14    Those who live near God's presence can rejoice in His decision to protect them. The psalmist invited the residents of Jerusalem to examine the unscathed condition of the city that God had defended: Zion. He also urged them to report God's protection to their children. The "daughters" of Judah (v. 11) probably refers to its cities and villages.[664] Since God had so faithfully and powerfully preserved His people, the psalmist led them in a commitment to continue following Him as their guide forever.

The people of God should view divine deliverance as an evidence of His faithfulness and power. We should remember the instances of His salvation and share them with other people. This information will fortify our own faith, and it will encourage others to trust in Him. As long as we trust and obey God, He will defend us. An intimate relationship with God is a very secure one.

Psalm 49

The writer reflected on the problem that the prosperity of the wicked poses in this didactic wisdom psalm (cf. Pss. 37, 73). He observed that there are many ungodly people who enjoy many physical blessings. Still, he concluded that the righteous are better off because they have a sure hope for the future.

"The psalm is an encouragement to the godly who are haunted by the power and influence of the rich."[665]

"Never does the psalmist address God, and only twice does he mention Him by name. His purpose is to present a meditation on the riddle of life."[666]

1.     Invitation to hear wisdom 49:1-4

49:1-2        The psalmist urged all people to listen to what he had to say in this poem (cf. 50:1; Deut. 32:1; 1 Kings 22:28; Mic. 1:2). All kinds of people need to be aware of the insight he revealed here: both the low (with small estates) and the high (with large estates), the rich and the poor. This applies to the wicked as well as the righteous.

49:3-4        What follows is wisdom, but a person must have insight to appreciate it. It is a riddle, or dark saying, in this respect. Spiritual illumination helps us to perceive the truth.

"The help of the Holy Spirit was never meant to supersede the use of our own mental powers."[667]

"The language of the prelude, the call to mankind, uses many of the terms which open the book of Proverbs, and proclaims this a wisdom psalm, offering instruction to men rather than worship to God."[668]

2.     Observation of the prosperity of the wicked 49:5-12

"The psalmist deals in a different way with the age-old problem of the prosperity of the wicked. He says, Why worry? With this premise he goes on to discuss the problem with a confident rather than a pessimistic attitude."[669]

49:5-6        The rhetorical question "Why should I fear?" sets forth the folly of fearing when wicked people oppose the righteous. It introduces the revelation that the prosperous ungodly enjoy a false security (vv. 7-12).

"… it is not men's having riches that denominates them worldly, but their setting their hearts upon them as the best things …"[670]

"It's good to have things that money can buy, if we don't lose the things money can't buy. It's sad when people start to confuse prices with values."[671]

49:7-9        Material wealth cannot prevent death. No one has enough money to buy life back when God claims it in death. The point here is that we cannot buy our way, or anyone else's way, out of dying. The psalmist was not speaking of purchasing eternal salvation here.[672] That comes later, in verse 15 (cf. Matt. 20:28).

49:10-12    Everyone dies eventually, even though some live with the illusion of immortality. The fact that people try to perpetuate their reputations on the earth forever shows that they want to live forever. However, man—like the animals—will eventually go into the grave.

"Years ago when one of the Astors died, some of the eager relatives were waiting outside. When the lawyer came out, they asked, 'How much did he leave?' The lawyer replied, 'He left it all.'"[673]

Of course, the psalmist did not mean that man's fate is identical to that of animals in all respects. He only meant that both die. Later revelation, that saints living at the time of the Rapture will experience translation without dying, does not negate the psalmist's point.

3.     Encouragement to trust in God 49:13-20

49:13-14    The writer marveled at the folly of the proud wicked. How silly it is to live only for the present! Death will bring to an end all the good things the wicked live for. The wicked may dominate the upright in this life, but a new day is coming in which God will turn the tables.

"The Bible is not against riches per se but the attitude of self-sufficiency and self-confidence so often associated with riches. The rich come under condemnation for their insensitivity, scheming, deception, and attitude that they rule the world (v. 5; cf. James 5:1-6)."[674]

The Bible does not condemn the godly rich who received their wealth as a blessing from God (e.g., Job, Abraham, David, et al.).

49:15                  "The great But God … (15) is one of the mountain-tops of Old Testament hope."[675]

God will free the righteous from the power of the grave and will receive them on the other side of the grave. This is one of the Old Testament passages that reveal that believers living when the psalmist did had hope of life after death (cf. Job 19:25; Heb. 11:10; et al.).[676] Revelation of the bodily resurrection, however, was obscure until Jesus Christ's resurrection and His apostles' revelations on that subject (1 Thess. 4; 1 Cor. 15).

"It is possible that the psalmist is looking at ultimate eschatological realities, anticipating his own resurrection and a time when the righteous, not the rich, will rule on earth. However, it is more likely that the ascendancy of the righteous refers to their vindication in this life, a well-attested theme in the Psalter, especially in the wisdom psalms (see, e.g., Pss. 1, 34, 37, and 112, as well as the discussion above). In this case verse 15 refers to God's preserving the psalmist through 'evil days' (cf. v. 5) by keeping him from premature, violent death at the hands of the oppressive rich and from the calamity that overtakes them. 'Morning' (v. 14), which brings to mind the dawning of a new day after a night of darkness, aptly symbolizes the cessation of these 'evil days.'"[677]

49:16-19    It is foolish to be jealous of wicked unbelievers, because their prosperity is only temporary. The wise person should not allow the wealth of the ungodly to intimidate him or her.

"Rich men are but like hailstones; they make a noise in the world, as the other rattle on the tiles of a house; down they fall, lie still, and melt away."[678]

"We can't take wealth with us, but we can send it ahead. … It isn't a sin to have wealth, provided we earned it honestly, spend it wisely, and invest it faithfully in that which pleases the Lord."[679]

49:20         The psalmist repeated his concluding statement in the previous section (v. 12), but here he changed it slightly. Here he stressed the wicked person's lack of understanding. There he stressed his lack of endurance.

"If a man is in honor and has no understanding, then he 'is like the beasts that perish,' that is to say, if he puts unseemly confidence in earthly possessions; if he fails to consider that wealth must fail a man in the end; if he leaves God out of the picture and does not make Him his confidence."[680]

"The gloomy prospect of the future does not belong to the rich man as such, but to the worldly and carnally minded rich man."[681]

We who are believers should not envy the ungodly who prosper in this life. We should not feel inferior to them either. All that they are living for will perish with them. Those who fear God, however, can expect a glorious future with Him beyond the grave.[682]

Psalm 50

This psalm pictures God seated in His heavenly throne room. He has two indictments against His people Israel: The wicked among them were hypocritical in their worship, a violation of the first part of the Decalogue, and in their interpersonal relationships, a violation of the second part. They needed to return to Him wholeheartedly. This is a didactic wisdom psalm written to teach God's people an important lesson.

"This psalm is the speech of God, who addresses his covenant partner concerning matters of violated covenant. After the narrative introduction of verses 1-6, it is all one extended speech in the form of a decree with no room for negotiation."[683]

"We are almost tempted to call it a thundering indictment of formalism."[684]

"This didactic psalm is closer to the prophetic tradition than to the Wisdom emphasis."[685]

The Levitical musician, Asaph, evidently wrote this psalm, as well as Psalms 73—83 (cf. 1 Chron. 6:39; 16:4-5).

"If we read the twelve Psalms of Asaph in order one after the other, we shall … observe this striking characteristic, that mention is made of Joseph and the tribes descended from him more frequently than anywhere else (lxxvii. 16, lxxviii. 9, 67 sq., lxxxi. 6. lxxx. 2 sq.). Nor is another feature less remarkable, vis. That the mutual relationship of Jahve [Yahweh] to Israel is set forth under the figure of the shepherd and his flock rather than any other (lxxiv. 1, lxxvii. 21, lxxviii. 52, cf. lxx.—lxxii., lxxix. 13, lxxx. 2). Moreover these Psalms delight in other respects to vary the designations for the people of God as much as possible."[686]

1.     The heavenly Judge 50:1-6

50:1           Asaph pictured God as the cosmic Judge summoning all people to stand before Him. The titles Mighty One, God, and Yahweh, present the LORD as the greatest of all judges. His ability to command all of humanity also shows His greatness.

50:2-3        God came out of His holy habitation on Mt. Zion, "the perfection of beauty," to judge. (Delitzsch noted that the Scriptures nowhere describe God as "beautiful," because a glory that transcends all beauty belongs to Him.[687])

Fire and storms frequently accompanied God in theophanies, and they symbolize irresistible judgment and awesome power.

"His appearance (theophany) is attended by phenomena designed to inspire 'fear' in man: fire and a tempest. God is like 'a consuming fire' (cf. Deut 4:24; 9:3; Isa 66:16; Heb 12:29) when he comes in judgment. In his anger he may storm like a 'tempest' (cf. Isa 66:15)."[688]

50:4-6        Asaph described God summoning those living in heaven, the angels, and on earth, mortals, to serve as witnesses in the trial. Israel is the defendant. The covenant in view is the Mosaic Covenant, in which the nation had obligations to God. The writer called on the angels to declare the Judge righteous, which is a way of affirming that He is just.

2.     Charge 1: formalistic worship 50:7-15

50:7           God spoke to His people as their God and as their Judge. They had sinned against Him.

50:8-13      He was not charging them with failure to offer the sacrifices He had prescribed. They had done that. They erred in thinking that offering sacrifices was all that He expected. He reminded them that He did not need their offerings. He already owned everything that they presented to Him. The pagans believed that they maintained their gods by offering them food, but Yahweh reminded His people that He did not need their sacrifices.

"There is a note of sarcasm in the use of the pronoun 'your' in 'your stall' and in 'your pens' (v. 9). It is as if God has heard them proudly say, 'This is my bull/goat from my stall/pen!' To this boastful claim God responds solemnly with an emphatic 'mine' (v. 10 …) and concludes his claim with a restatement of his ownership that would linger in the hearts of the hearers: 'mine' (v. 11). His rule extends to all creation."[689]

50:14-15    God wanted His people to give Him what giving their animals and produce represented, namely, their gratitude. Thank offerings expressed gratitude for something God had done for the offerer. Votive offerings were also expressions of thanks. God wanted His people to look to Him for their needs, and when He provided, He wanted them to honor Him with gratitude. In other words, He wanted them to enjoy a vital relationship with Himself, not just a formal one in which He was their God and they were His people.

"Prayer is like the ring which Queen Elizabeth gave to the Earl of Essex, bidding him if he were in any distress send that ring to her and she would help him. God commandeth His people if they be in any perplexity to send this ring to Him: Call upon Me in the day of trouble: I will deliver thee, and thou shalt glorify Me."[690]

3.     Charge 2: hypocritical living 50:16-21

50:16-17    The LORD also charged the wicked in Israel with professing allegiance to Him while disobeying Him.

50:18-20    These verses contain specific instances of the Israelites' hypocrisy: They loved what God hated. Furthermore, they did not allow God's will to govern their speech (cf. James 3:1-12).

"In the present verse [18] there may be an implication, too, of the hypocrisy of enjoying sin at second-hand while keeping out of trouble oneself; and this would be in character with the deviousness portrayed in 19 and 20 [cf. Rom. 2:17-24]."[691]

50:21         The people evidently concluded that because God did not judge them for their sinful ways, their sins did not matter to Him. Such was not the case. Their sins did not matter to them. Judgment was coming. They would have to account for their actions.

"Sinners take God's silence for consent and his patience for connivance; and therefore the longer they are reprieved the more are their hearts hardened."[692]

"Sinners do with God as the Ethiopians do with angels, whom they picture with black faces that they may be like themselves."[693]

4.     A final warning 50:22-23

God let His people off with a warning. However, they should remember Him and the fact that He would judge them eventually. Heartfelt gratitude and obedience would honor God and bring His deliverance. Simply going through the motions of worshipping and giving a misleading appearance of godliness would incur His wrath.

"Thanksgiving is a God-exalting work. Though nothing can add the least cubit to God's essential glory, yet praise exalts Him in the eyes of others."[694]

"Thanksgiving is good, but thanks-living is better."[695]

This psalm is a sober warning to God's people of all time. We may deceive ourselves into thinking that external conformity and pious words please God. However, only reality in our relationships with Him and our fellow human beings wins His approval. We should remember that one day we shall surely stand before the righteous Judge and give an account of our lives (2 Cor. 5:10). We should live now with that reality in mind.

There are parallels between this psalm and Jesus' Sermon on the Mount.[696]

Psalm 51

In this penitential individual lament psalm (cf. Pss. 6, 32, 38, 102, 130, and 143), David confessed the sins that he committed against Bathsheba and Uriah. It is a model of confession that has become popular with God's people. Since we all sin so often, and need to confess frequently, this psalm is a help and comfort to us all. We should read it especially when we feel guilty or have sinned.

Psalm 32 proposed the need to confess sin, and verse 5 of that poem is a brief statement of confession. But Psalm 51 moves closer to "the center of the crisis of alienation"[697] and gives us a model of confession. In it, David did not utter one word of excuse for the sins he had committed, nor did he seek to tone down the gravity of his offenses, or blame others for what he had done.[698]

"In contrast with the others of this type that have been considered (Ps. 6, 32, 38) this psalm bears the marks of deep inner grief over sin."[699]

"In its present position in the Psalter the psalm stands as an individual response to the exhortation with which Psalm 50 concludes [i.e., 50:23]."

The title explains the situation out of which this psalm arose (2 Sam. 11). Delitzsch called this psalm "the first of the Davidic Elohim-Psalms."[700]

Darby understood this psalm to be prophetic of the believing Jewish remnant in the end times, when they will be confessing their guilt for killing Jesus Christ.[701]

This is the first of 21 psalms that form a second collection of Davidic psalms in the Psalter (Pss. 51—71), the first collection being Book I (Pss. 1—41, with the possible exceptions of Pss. 1, 10 and 33).

1.     Prayer for gracious cleansing 51:1-2

51:1           David appealed to God (Elohim) to cleanse him because of His faithfulness (loyal love) and compassion. This is the first of David's psalms in which he addressed the LORD as Elohim, possibly reflecting the distance he felt from God as Yahweh, the covenant keeping Strong One.[702] He knew he did not deserve God's forgiveness nor could he earn it.

"David does not balance his evil deeds with his good deeds, nor can he think that his services will atone for his offences; but he flies to God's infinite mercy, and depends upon that only for pardon and peace …"[703]

"If our sins be in number as the hairs of our head, God's mercies are as the stars of heaven; and as He is an infinite God, so His mercies are infinite; yea, so far are His mercies above our sins, as He Himself is above us poor sinners."[704]

Divine pardon comes to sinners by His grace alone. David asked God to blot out the record of his "wrongdoings" or "transgressions" (NIV), namely, rebellious acts that go beyond the limits that God has established for conduct.

51:2           The biblical writers often compared a person's deeds to the clothing he wears, because that is what other people see when they look at us. David asked God to wash away his "guilt" or "iniquity" (NIV; perverse, twisted moral evil) like dirt that was on his garment (behavior). Cleansing is a term that comes from the tabernacle ritual. Those who came into God's presence to worship and serve Him had to be clean. David correctly viewed his "sin" (falling short of the standard that God requires) as making the worship and service of a holy God impossible.

"In the Jewish society of that day, to wash and change clothes marked a new beginning in life (Gen. 35:1; 41:14; 45:22; Ex. 19:10, 14), and David made such a new start (2 Sam. 12:20)."[705]

"Nathan had assured David, upon his first profession of repentance, that his sin was pardoned [2 Sam. 12:13]. … God had forgiven him, but he could not forgive himself; and therefore he is thus importunate for pardon."[706]

"Many a murderer is more alarmed at the gallows than at the murder which brought him to it. The thief loves the plunder, though he fears the prison. Not so David: he is sick of sin as sin; his loudest outcries are against the evil of his transgression and not against the painful consequences of it. When we deal seriously with our sin God will deal gently with us. When we hate what the Lord hates, He will soon make an end of it, to our joy and peace."[707]

2.     Confession of gross sin 51:3-6

51:3           Probably several months passed between David's sins of adultery and murder and the time when he acknowledged his guilt. We know this because Bathsheba had given birth to the child she had conceived illegitimately by the time David confessed his sin (cf. 2 Sam. 12:13-18). David's sins had evidently been on his mind for many months. He had hardened his heart and refused to admit that what he had done was sinful. Perhaps he had tried to rationalize them somehow.

"True penitence is not a dead knowledge of sin committed, but a living sensitive consciousness of it (Isa. lix. 12), to which it is ever present as a matter and ground of unrest and pain."[708]

A certain professional athlete was suspended from his team when his coach learned that he was addicted to cocaine. The player told reporters that his drug abuse was not his fault. He said he had the disease of chemical dependency. Some people may have a genetic predisposition to addiction, but we are not facing our problem honestly if we do not accept responsibility for the choices we make. It is easier to say, "I am sick," than it is to say, "I am wrong."

51:4           David had finally come to the place where he was willing, not only to call his sin what it was, but to admit that it was sin against God primarily. Obviously he had sinned against Bathsheba, her husband, and the nation that he ruled, but David rightfully admitted that the worst thing he had done was offending God. He made no attempt to blame God for what had happened but took full responsibility himself. He acknowledged that his Judge was guiltless and that he was guilty. Taking personal responsibility for our sins is an important part of true confession.

"To say 'Against thee, thee only, have I sinned' may invite the quibble that adultery and murder are hardly private wrongs. But it is a typically biblical way of going to the heart of the matter. Sin can be against oneself (I Cor. 6:18) and against one's neighbour; but the flouting of God is always the length and breadth of it, as Joseph saw long before (Gn. 39:9)."[709]

"Once we understand that no sin is against a fellow human being alone and that all sin is transgression against God, we will no longer treat it so lightly."[710]

51:5           The king went on to confess the depth of his sinfulness. He had been a sinner from the time he came into existence as a human being, namely, at his conception.[711] This is one of the strongest indications in the Bible that human life begins at conception rather than at birth (cf. 139:13-16).

"This important passage establishes the humanness of the fetus since guilt is attached to it and since only humans and angels can be guilty of sin."[712]

David viewed sinful acts as the fruit of a sinful nature, not as the product of his environment or the situation that had triggered his acts. This verse does not mean that David felt free of personal responsibility for his actions. He felt responsible, as is clear from his statements in the context. The sinful condition that he had inherited from his parents was the root, and his personal sin was the fruit.

"… the fact of hereditary sin is here more distinctly expressed than in any other passage in the Old Testament …"[713]

"It is to be sadly lamented by everyone of us that we brought into the world with us a corrupt nature, wretchedly degenerated from its primitive purity and rectitude. This is what we call original sin, because it is as ancient as our original, and because it is the original of all our actual transgressions. It is a bent to backslide from God."[714]

51:6           David also realized that God wanted him to be completely honest, not just to offer a sacrifice. He needed to get his heart right with God. His confession had to be genuine rather than the superficial repetition of some words. Wisdom in the Old Testament refers to living life in the light of God's presence and revelation. God wants people to be completely honest with Him and to deal with reality. David acknowledged this.

Occasionally in the newspaper we read a published correction. The editors admit that they had not reported the facts accurately. In one correction, they cleared the name of a person they had linked to a criminal case. This is a good example of acknowledging personal responsibility for one's mistake.

3.     Petition for restoration 51:7-12

David's prayer for restoration included requests for God's forgiveness (vv. 7, 9), a renewal of his joy (v. 8), a heart of wisdom (v. 10), and full restoration to divine favor (vv. 11-12).

51:7           Again David pleaded for purification and cleansing (vv. 1-2). In Israel, the priest sprinkled animal blood on the altar with a hyssop branch. This ritual symbolized cleansing by sacrificial death (cf. Heb. 9:22). If God would wash David morally, he would be thoroughly clean.

"Cleansing in Scripture is twofold: (1) of a sinner from the guilt of sin—the blood (hyssop) aspect; and (2) of a saint from the defilement of sin—the water (wash) aspect. Under grace the sinner is purged by blood when he believes (Mt. 26:28; Heb. 1:3; 9:12; 10:14). Both aspects of cleansing, by blood and by water, are brought out in Jn. 13:10; Eph. 5:25-26 …"[715]

"Snow soon gathers smoke and dust; it melts and disappears; Thou canst give me an enduring purity. Though snow is white below as well as on the surface, Thou canst work the like inward purity in me and make me so clean that only an hyperbole can set forth my immaculate condition."[716]

51:8           This verse is a request for renewed joy. "Joy and gladness" indicates deep joy. David's fractured relationship with God pained him as much as a broken bone (cf. 6:2).

51:9           The expressions in this verse picture God as a judge removing David's sins. The psalmist wanted God to put his sins in a place where He would not see them, and to blot out any record of them from His record books.

51:10         The psalmist's petition now turned to thoughts of spiritual renewal. In contrast to his natural sinful heart (v. 5), David sensed the need for a clean heart. He requested a spirit more faithful to God than his natural spirit (inclination) to depart from Him.

"… he does not say, 'Make my old heart clean'; he is too experienced in the hopelessness of the old nature. He would have the old man buried as a dead thing, and a new creation brought in to fill its place. None but God can create either a new heart or a new earth."[717]

51:11         Being cast away from God's presence implies God's rejection of David as His servant. Saul had suffered such a fate for his continuing rebellion against Yahweh (1 Sam. 16:1, 7). In Old Testament times, God gave His Holy Spirit selectively (to empower only some believers) and temporarily (primarily to empower them for special acts of service). Since the Day of Pentecost, all believers enjoy the permanent indwelling of the Holy Spirit in the Church Age (John 14:17; Rom. 8:9). Consequently the possibility of God withdrawing His Spirit from David was a real one for him, but it is not for us.[718] It is possible that a Christian may lose his or her opportunities to serve the Lord, however (1 Cor. 9:27). For example, a Christian who gets involved in gross sin will not lose his or her salvation (John 10:28-29), but he or she may lose the opportunity to serve God in a leadership capacity (cf. 1 Cor. 9:27).

51:12         Again David asked for renewed joy (cf. v. 8). He had not lost his salvation as a result of his sin, but he had lost the joy of it. The LORD was apparently not delivering him from his present distresses as He had done previously. David also requested a willing spirit (attitude): one that would be willing to do God's will (cf. Phil. 2:13). Such an attitude would sustain him as He sought to follow God faithfully.

"As long as [gun]powder is wet, it resists the spark, but when it becomes dry it is ready to explode at the first touch. As long as the Spirit dwell in my heart, He deadens me to sin; so that if lawfully called through temptation, I may reckon upon God's carrying me through. But when the Spirit leave me, I am like dry gunpowder."[719]

4.     Promise of grateful service 51:13-17

David's confession of his sins and prayer for inner renewal formed a basis for him to instruct sinners (v. 13), praise Yahweh (vv. 14-15), and deepen his own commitment to God (vv. 16-17).

51:13         The promises David made in this section of verses gave God additional reasons to grant forgiveness, so they were indirect requests for pardon. If forgiven, David would, first, show others how God deals with penitent sinners. He would do this as an example, as well as verbally. Then sinners would turn to God for deliverance.

"Penitents should be preachers."[720]

51:14-15    The "guilt of bloodshed" refers to guilt as a result of killing someone without divine authorization. When God saved David from this guilt, and opened his lips by forgiving him, David would, second, joyfully praise God.

"A great sinner pardoned makes a great singer."[721]

51:16-17    David acknowledged that what God really wanted, rather than animal and vegetable sacrifices, was an attitude of brokenness toward God (cf. 50:7-15, 23).

"This [v. 17] is one of the statements of deepest spiritual insight found in the whole of the Old Testament."[722]

"What does God want as a sacrifice? He doesn't want a long list of things that you promise never to do again. He doesn't want you to do penance. He wants you to come to Him with a broken spirit and a repentant heart. That is what He wants and accepts and delights in."[723]

In David's case, there was no sin or trespass offering that he could present that God would accept. Since he had sinned with a high hand, in rebellious defiance of Yahweh and in repudiation of the terms of His covenant, his sentence was death (Num. 15:30-31; cf. 2 Sam. 12:9). The only reason he did not suffer this fate was that God pardoned him. The prophet Nathan brought the news of God's special pardon to David (2 Sam. 12:13).

"Is a thing that is broken good for anything? Can we drink in a broken glass? Or can we lean upon a broken staff? But though other things may be the worse for breaking, yet a heart is never at the best till it be broken; for till it be broken we cannot see what is in it; though God loves a whole heart in affection, yet He loves a broken heart in sacrifice."[724]

God has already given His promise to pardon the guilt of any New Testament believer for any sin that we may commit (1 John 1:9). The basis of this gracious pardon is the work of Jesus Christ on Calvary (1 John 1:7). He suffered our punishment. But God still requires broken and contrite (remorseful, repentant, penitent) hearts.

5.     Request for Israel's prosperity 51:18-19

51:18         David extended his request for personal blessing to the nation under his authority. God had promised to protect David from death. He now asked Him to protect His people as well. As king, David's sin resulted in bad consequences for all of those under his authority, as is always the case.

51:19         If God did so, His people could and would continue to worship Him in His appointed ways. This would bring delight to God even as He had brought delight to His people by forgiving and preserving them.[725]

When Christians sin against God, they should confess their sins and repent (i.e., adopt a different attitude toward the Lord that results in changed conduct). They can count on His gracious, abundant forgiveness because He has promised to forgive the fellowship consequences of sin for those who confess their sins. Forgiveness should result in a renewed commitment to worship and serve the Lord.

There are two types of forgiveness that the Scriptures reveal. There is judicial forgiveness that every person experiences when he or she trusts in Christ as Savior (Rom. 5:1). God will never condemn believers in Christ to eternal damnation for their sins, because they trust in His Son (Rom. 8:1). However, there is also familial forgiveness. This is the forgiveness that believers need because they offend God (Matt. 6:12, 14-15; 1 John 1:9). In one sense, therefore, God has forgiven all our sins, but in another sense we need to confess our sins to receive forgiveness. Judicial forgiveness makes us acceptable to God, but familial forgiveness makes us intimate with God. Judicial forgiveness removes the guilt of sin, and familial forgiveness restores the broken fellowship caused by sin.

Psalm 52

David contrasted his trust in God with the treachery of those who have no regard for Him, in this lament psalm of trust. The historical background appears in the title (1 Sam. 21—22). Many commentators believed that Doeg the Edomite was in David's mind as he described the wicked, in view of the heading. But Leupold argued convincingly that Saul was the enemy in David's mind, and that the heading only furnishes the setting for the psalm.[726] Some commentators believed that Psalms 52 through 55 give a prophetic picture of Antichrist.[727]

1.     God's destruction of the treacherous 52:1-7

52:1           David addressed the wicked man directly. He marveled that he would really boast about his evil, since God is so consistently loving. It is inconsistent to return evil to a God who loves faithfully, and it is even worse to brag about one's wickedness.

52:2-4        The wicked who oppose God's faithful servants often use their words as weapons to cut them down (cf. James 3:6, 8). Their words are deceitful when they misrepresent the truth. They are "artists of deceit."[728] David stressed the fact that the treacherous really love their destructive activity. To destroy is bad enough, but to love to do it is worse.

52:5           Since God had promised to bless the righteous with long life, and to punish the wicked with death (Deut. 28), David was confident that He would slay the deceiver eventually.

52:6-7        The punishment of the wicked would delight the righteous, not because they had suffered, but because God would judge righteously. The person who does not trust in God trusts in himself. He builds a refuge for himself often out of material things, but it always proves inferior to God Himself.

2.     God's deliverance of the trusting 52:8-9

52:8           David repudiated the confidence of the wicked and reaffirmed his trust in God. He pictured himself as a flourishing olive tree, in contrast to his uprooted enemy (v. 5; cf. 1:3; Hos. 14:6). Olive trees live unusually long, and they are productive and attractive. They were, and are, very numerous in Israel.

David was flourishing like a healthy olive tree in the house of God, because he consistently trusted in God's faithfulness. The "house of God" in view is probably an imaginary house, rather than a literal physical building. Many houses in Israel had olive trees growing near them, and David pictured God as having a house with an olive tree nearby.

52:9           The psalmist thanked God for making him like an olive tree in the His house. He acknowledged that the reason he was the man he was, and not like Saul, was due to God's grace, not his own works. He purposed to continue to hope in God, confident that he would praise Him in spite of the opposition of treacherous enemies. Those among whom David would wait were other believers.

We, God's people, need not despair when wicked people oppose us. God will deal with our enemies. In the meantime, we should continue to trust and praise Him in the company of His people.

Psalm 53

This psalm is another version of the one that appears in Book 1 as Psalm 14. David wrote it, and "Mahalath" ("dancing") is probably a tune name. One interesting difference between this psalm and Psalm 14 is that this one contains the name Elohim whereas Psalm 14 has Yahweh.

"In both recensions of the Psalm the name of God occurs seven times. In Ps. xiv. it reads three times Elohim and four times Jahve; in the Psalm before us it is all seven times Elohim, which in this instance is a proper name of equal dignity with the name Jahve."[729]

"… Psalm 53's position between Psalms 52 and 54 favors an ancient tradition relating to the life of David. Psalm 52 relates to the story of Doeg (cf. 1 Sam 22) and Psalm 54 to the incident of the Ziphites (cf. 1 Sam 23; 26). The term 'fool' (nabal, 53:1) is suggestive of Nabal, who acted foolishly to David and his men (cf. 1 Sam 25)."[730]

"In Psalm 14, the emphasis is placed on the protective power of God in behalf of the poor, while in Psalm 53, God's power is unleashed in judgment on the wicked."[731]

David reflected on the wickedness of the entire human race and voiced confidence that God would punish sinners. He longed for God to establish His kingdom on earth (cf. Matt. 6:10).

1.     Reflection on the human race 53:1-3

53:1           A fool, in the ancient Hebrew view of life, was a person who did not acknowledge God's existence intellectually, practically, or both (cf. Rom. 1). He lived as though God does not exist. Such a viewpoint leads to unrestrained behavior. The fool's conduct is essentially corrupt, in addition to being abominable (i.e., vile) to God. No one is completely or consistently good, because everyone disregards God from time to time (cf. Rom. 3:10-12).

53:2-3        David pictured God looking down from His heavenly habitation and examining human beings individually. Wise people acknowledge God's presence and pursue Him, because He is the source of all goodness and blessing. Fools disregard Him and go their own way. God observed that everyone turns away from Him. The whole race has become sour, like sour milk (Heb. 'alah; cf. 14:3; Job 10:10; 15:16). When people do not use milk for its intended purpose, namely, to drink, it turns sour. Likewise when people do not use their lives for their intended purpose, namely, to honor and glorify God, they spoil.

2.     Anticipation of judgment 53:4-5

53:4           David expressed amazement that those who disregard God would take advantage of His chosen people and would not even pray to Him.

"There are no expendable people to God! And if we claim to be God's people, there should not be any for us either."[732]

53:5           The psalmist may have had some specific instance of God's deliverance in mind, or he may have spoken of His future judgment as having already taken place because of its certainty. God Himself would terrorize and shame His enemies. Evidently David saw God's people as playing some role in their enemies' defeat.

3.     Yearning for God's reign 53:6

David longed for the time when God would initiate salvation for Israel from Zion. When he wrote, Israel was at least partially under a hostile foreign power's control. The psalmist believed that God would one day restore His people and cause them to rejoice. Because of other revelation, we know that when Jesus Christ comes back to reign He will reestablish Israel as His favored nation and will punish her enemies (cf. Ps. 2; Isa. 27:12; 43:5-7; Jer. 12:15; Ezek. 20:34-38, 42; 28:25-26; Dan. 7:13-14; Hos. 12:9; Joel 3:1-2; Amos 9:14-15; Mic. 4:6; Zeph. 3:20; Zech. 10:10).[733]

It is foolish to disregard God (cf. Prov. 1:7). Those who do so will experience present futility in their lives and future judgment for their folly.

Psalm 54

David composed this individual lament psalm after the Ziphites had told King Saul where he was hiding (1 Sam. 23:19; cf. 1 Sam. 26:1). He expressed great confidence in God's protection of him in it. This psalm is a fitting prayer for any believer who is maligned by others.

1.     Prayer for deliverance 54:1-3

54:1-2        God's "name" and His "power" are virtually synonymous. Verse 1 contains synonymous parallelism. His name represents all that God is and what He has done (cf. Exod. 34:5-7).

"He [God] has a well-known reputation among His saints as being one who delights to save. To this well-established fact this phrase ["by Your name"] appeals."[734]

David asked God personally to save him by using His irresistible might. He also asked God to listen to the prayer for help that proceeded from the psalmist's mouth.

54:3           The Ziphites were strangers to David, and Saul's soldiers were violent antagonists of David. David could expect divine assistance because their hostility was contrary to God's will. David was Israel's anointed king, whom God intended to place on Saul's throne. This verse is almost identical to 86:14.

2.     Confidence in God 54:4-7

54:4-5        David was confident that God would help and sustain him. This confidence is the major theme of this psalm.[735] He also believed God would punish those who opposed him, and he asked God to do so. He could pray this way because what his adversaries were doing was contrary to God's will.

"The imprecation is not vindictive but expressive of trust in divine justice. Evil must be repaid."[736]

54:6-7        David was so sure that God would deliver him that he spoke of offering a freewill sacrifice of worship for God's deliverance. This would have been the peace (fellowship) offering (Lev. 3; 7). He believed God would deliver him because God is good (cf. 52:9). In verse 7, the psalmist spoke of his deliverance as already past—as a way of expressing his confidence in God. He would have found satisfaction in God punishing his enemies for their evil, not because he hated them personally.

When God's people experience opposition from others who seek to thwart His will, they can count on His eventual deliverance. It may not come this side of the grave, but God will punish evildoers and reward those who trust and obey Him eventually.[737]

Psalm 55

The occasion that inspired the composition of this individual lament psalm was David's betrayal by an intimate friend. We do not know for certain who he was, though some commentators have suggested Ahithophel (2 Sam. 15:31).[738] One manuscript of Jerome's Latin Version, the Vulgate, has the title "The voice of Christ against the chiefs of the Jews and the traitor Judas."[739]

David prayed that God would deliver him from his plight. He also lamented his distress that a trusted friend had betrayed him, and he voiced confidence in God who redeems His elect.

1.     A cry out of agony 55:1-8

55:1-2a      David began this psalm with a prayer in which he called on God to hear his petition.

55:2b-3      The pressure that David's enemy had placed on him sprang from a grudge. Evidently David had offended this person previously, and now he was getting even. His enemy's words had brought trouble down on the psalmist.

"We may not complain of Him [God], but we may complain to Him."[740]

55:4-5        David voiced his anguish in a variety of expressions in these verses. His friend's betrayal had upset him greatly.

55:6-8        He wished he could escape his situation, like a harmless dove flies away from a storm and hides in a remote and secure desert nest.

"He wishes, O that I had wings! not like a hawk that flies strongly, but like a dove that flies swiftly; he wishes for wings, not to fly upon the prey, but to fly from the birds of prey, for such his enemies were. The dove flies low, and takes shelter as soon as she can, and thus would David fly."[741]

2.     A request out of deceit 55:9-15

55:9-11      Specifically, David wanted his Lord (Adonai) to confuse the person responsible for his suffering. His opposition had resulted in confusion in the city, which was perhaps Jerusalem. The manifestations of this confusion were violence, strife, iniquity, mischief, destruction, oppression, and deceit.

55:12         Such antagonism would have been easier for David to bear had it come from someone he disliked. However, his adversary had been an intimate friend who had just "stabbed him in the back."

"We can bear from Shimei what we cannot endure from Ahithophel."[742]

55:13-14    David addressed his former friend. Not only had he and David been good friends, they had also shared their deepest commitments in life, as worshipping together indicates.

55:15         David called down God's judgment on his former friend and his ungodly allies. By opposing David, this traitor was also opposing God, since David was the LORD's anointed. As he had deceived David by his treachery, so God should deceive him by putting him to death. Going down alive into the grave pictures a violent rather than a peaceful death—such as Korah and his followers experienced (cf. Num. 16:31-40).

3.     A call out of confidence 55:16-23

55:16-19    Rather than practicing evil, as his enemies did, David said he would pray to God for deliverance (cf. Dan. 6:10). Rather than creating havoc in the city, he would petition the courts of heaven for justice.

"The change of names of God in ver. 17 [sic 16] is significant. He calls upon Him who is exalted above the world [God], and He who mercifully interposes in the history of the world [the LORD] helps him."[743]

In place of a violent death, David anticipated a peaceful salvation. God, the eternal sovereign, will give to each person what he or she deserves. He will give peace to the guiltless and punishment to the guilty, eventually.

55:20-21    David further described the deceitfulness of his former friend's treachery.

55:22         The psalmist inserted a piece of advice to the reader. He encouraged the righteous to roll their burdens on the LORD rather than bearing them themselves (cf. 1 Pet. 5:7).

55:23         He concluded this psalm by reasserting his confidence in the LORD's ability to sustain His own—having experienced it many times in his life (cf. Deut. 31:6; Heb. 13:5). However, he had also learned that sin leads to death (Rom. 6:23). Normally those who live by the sword perish by the sword and die prematurely (Gen. 9:6; Matt. 26:52). In view of these two alternatives, David reaffirmed his decision to trust in God.

The opposition of ungodly people is difficult to bear, but the antagonism of formerly intimate friends is even harder. When friends prove unfaithful, believers should continue to remain faithful to God and trust Him to sustain and vindicate them.

Psalm 56

David wrote this psalm of individual lament when the Philistines seized him in Gath (1 Sam. 21:10-12; cf. Ps. 34). He composed it for singing to the tune of "A Dove on Distant Oaks." The tune title may refer to David's years of wandering.[744] This melody was evidently common in David's day. (Note the recurrence of the "dove" from 55:6.)

The content of this psalm is similar to that of Psalms 54, 55, and 57. Again David determined to continue trusting in God even though his enemies sought to destroy him.

1.     The opposition of ungodly enemies 56:1-7

56:1-2        David began this prayer with a call for divine help and an explanation of why he needed it (cf. 57:1). His enemies were constantly attacking him. As the LORD's anointed, David had a right to expect God's assistance.

56:3-4        Because he trusted in God, who was on his side, David knew that he did not need to fear the opposition of mere mortals (Heb. basar, flesh; v. 4).

"It is possible, then, for fear and faith to occupy the mind at the same moment. We are strange beings, and our experience in the divine life is stranger still. We are often in a twilight, where light and darkness are both present, and it is hard to tell which predominates."[745]

Note the close connection that David saw between God and His Word (v. 4).

"… trusting in the Lord requires a prior commitment to the revelation of God in his Word."[746]

56:5-6        David further described the wickedness of his oppressors. They continually twisted his words, dogged his steps, and plotted his downfall.

56:7           He asked God to bring them down and not let them escape. Because God hates wickedness, the psalmist trusted that He would punish the wicked.

2.     The confidence of the psalmist 56:8-13

56:8-9        David was confident that God knew about all his experiences intimately. He knew wherever David had gone, and He had made note of all his painful sufferings. The psalmist asked God to remember his sufferings in a graphic way: He wanted God to store his tears in His bottle so their volume might move Him to act for David.

"Archaeologists have unearthed small 'tear bottles' in which mourners collected their tears and then deposited the bottle at the gravesite."[747]

With reference to David calling to God in prayer (v. 9), Matthew Henry wrote:

"We fight best upon our knees, Eph. vi. 18."[748]

56:10-11    These verses rephrase the refrain to this song that appears in verse 4. The refrain is a strong affirmation of David's confidence in the LORD God.

56:12-13    As in other psalms, David spoke of his future deliverance confidently, as though God had already given it to him. The vows to which he referred were those David had made to God. He had promised to praise Him with thank offerings after God delivered him from his enemies.

The believer who is doing God's will can confidently appeal for His aid when evil people oppose him. Remembering that our Helper is almighty God, and that our opponents are only mere mortals, will strengthen our faith.

Psalm 57

The incident of David hiding from Saul in a cave is the background of this individual lament psalm (1 Sam. 22; 24; cf. Ps. 142). The tune name means "Do not destroy," and it also occurs in psalms 58, 59, and 75. This psalm resembles the preceding one in its general theme and design. It, too, has a recurring refrain (vv. 5, 11). It is, however, more "upbeat."

1.     The psalmist's need for God's help 57:1-5

57:1           David began this psalm, as he did the previous one (cf. 56:1), by comparing himself to a little bird that takes refuge from a passing enemy by hiding under the wing of its parent (cf. 17:8; 36:7; 61:4; 63:7; 91:4). The overarching side of the cave in which David hid may have reminded him of a bird's wing, and Saul's threatening presence was similar to a rainstorm.

"Athanasius said of Julian, furiously raging against the Lord's Anointed, Nebecula est, cito transibit—he is a little cloud; he will soon pass away."[749]

57:2-3        David said he would cry and God Most High would send help. "Most High" pictures God as exalted in His rule over all that He has created. In these verses, David pictured himself as an insignificant creature that a larger predator was about to step on.

57:4           His enemies were similar to voracious lions (cf. 7:2), and their vehement words resembled lions' teeth. I wonder if Daniel thought of this verse when he was in the lions' den (Dan. 6). The "soul" represents the life of the psalmist here, though sometimes in Scripture it represents the immaterial part of a person. David's enemies used words as implements of warfare to attack him.

57:5           This refrain expresses David's desire that God would glorify Himself. Implicit in the desire is a request that God would deliver the just psalmist. "Above the heavens" and "above all the earth" is a merism describing everything that is.

2.     The psalmist's confidence that God would help 57:6-11

57:6           Now David spoke of himself as a wild animal that hunters were trying to snare. However, he believed that his hunters would fall into their own trap (cf. 7:15; 9:15; 35:8).

57:7-10      In anticipation of his deliverance, David promised to praise God, his Lord (cf. 108:1-5). Praising Him "among the peoples [nations]" (v. 9) is tantamount to proclaiming His universal sovereignty.[750] David returned to previous references to his Lord's goodness (Heb. hesed) and truth (v. 10; cf. v. 3).

57:11         The refrain closes the psalm (cf. v. 5). God's glory was David's greatest concern. Verses 7-11 appear again in 108:1-5.

Life sometimes seems similar to a jungle, with wild beasts threatening to devour us and hostile hunters trying to trap us. Nevertheless, the godly can count on supernatural assistance and can rejoice in our ultimate salvation. In the meantime, we should live for the glory of God.

Psalm 58

In this prophetic lament psalm, David called on God to judge corrupt judges so the righteous would continue to trust in Him.[751] This is also an imprecatory psalm.

"In no one Psalm do we meet with so many high-flown figures coming together within the same narrow compass."[752]

1.     The marks of crooked judges 58:1-5

58:1           The psalmist introduced his condemnation of certain unjust judges with two synonymous questions that challenged the integrity of these men. They may have been Saul's advisors or counselors.[753]

"He who refrains from defending the right is himself an accomplice in the wrong."[754]

The Hebrew word elohim (lit. strong ones) sometimes refers to rulers in the Old Testament. Of course, it usually refers to God, the strongest of all beings. Sometimes it refers to false gods, i.e., idols. Here, as elsewhere, powerful human beings are in view (cf. 82:1, 6). The context suggests that they were judges in Israel.

58:2-5        David proceeded to answer his own questions in verse 1. Instead of practicing justice, these rulers planned injustice and violence (cf. Mic. 3:1-3, 9-11; 6:12). They spoke lies and did not respond to the warnings of others. Furthermore, they had a long history of destructive behavior.

"… there are men in whom evil from childhood onwards has a truly diabolical character, i.e. a selfish character altogether incapable of love."[755]

2.     The punishment of crooked judges 58:6-9

"With blistering language the psalmist creates a series of brief metaphors dealing with lions' teeth, streams, a snail, miscarriage, and thorns. Each of these is spoken as an imprecation against his unjust enemies. Thus there is here a sevenfold curse in the form of prayer [vv. 6-11]."[756]

58:6-8        David called on God to deal with these unjust men. Breaking the teeth symbolizes painfully removing their ability to devour the people they oppressed. David viewed them as lions and serpents whose teeth and fangs needed to be crushed.

"The psalmist is not asking for a preemptive strike against those he dislikes. Rather, he is calling on God to break the deadly grip of the ravenous beast on the trapped prey in order to free and deliver it [cf. 3:7]."[757]

David also asked God to remove the unjust like water rushing away. He requested that their words would lack the ability to penetrate and influence others. He wanted them to melt away like snails do in the heat. He wished they would die without any further influence, as a child who dies in its mother's womb.

58:9           The psalmist believed the destruction of these wicked judges would be swift. Thorns used for firewood burn very quickly. David compared the unjust rulers to thorns. Their fiery evil would not last long enough to effect any change on the pot above them, a figure for other people whom they might influence. Regardless of whether these wicked men were young (green) or old (dry), their influence would be minimal because God would judge them.

3.     The rejoicing of the just 58:10-11

58:10         When God judges crooked rulers by cutting them off, the upright will rejoice. David described their rejoicing in terms of a military victory in which the victors bathed their feet in the blood of their vanquished foes. This description is hyperbolic and symbolizes joy in victory.

"Bathing the feet in the blood of the enemy is a traditional ancient Near Eastern way of expressing the utter defeat of the enemy. The image is not so much of a ritual bathing of the feet as wading through blood left as the result of the carnage of battle."[758]

58:11         Taking the longer view, the just would find encouragement to continue trusting in God because He punished the wicked rulers. They would renew their commitment to continue to obey Him.

Why did David not punish the unjust judges in Israel himself? He certainly had the authority to do so since he was the king. Perhaps he did punish them. This psalm shows that as Israel's king, David looked to God as the ultimate authority in Israel. David's view of his own relationship to God was proper and admirable. Even though he had the authority to punish the wicked, he still looked to God as the Person who had final authority over them, and he appealed to Him to act.

Believers should pray about unjust rulers and ask God to deal with them righteously. Even when we have the authority to punish them, we should still look to God as the ultimate authority (sovereign) and express our submission to His will in prayer.

Psalm 59

The occasion for this individual lament psalm was evidently the event the writer of 1 Samuel recorded in 19:8-14, namely, Saul's attempt to kill David in his bed at home. David asked God to defend him from the attacks of bloodthirsty men and to humiliate them, so that everyone might recognize God's sovereignty.

"The focus of the psalm is on God—the Deliverer (vv. 1-9) and the Judge (vv. 10-17)."[759]

1.     The conspiracy of David's enemies 59:1-5

59:1-2        David first called out to God in prayer, requesting deliverance from his attackers. The men who lay in wait for him intended to murder him.

59:3-4a      The beleaguered psalmist explained the reason for his request: Violent men were laying a trap for him, even though he had done nothing to deserve their hostility.

"Though our innocence will not secure us from troubles, yet it will greatly support and comfort us under our troubles."[760]

59:4b-5      David again cried out for divine help. He asked Yahweh as the God of armies and the God of Israel to come to his aid. He broadened his request to include his nation, which suffered similarly at the hands of hostile Gentile neighbors.

2.     David's triumph over his enemies 59:6-10

59:6-7        The psalmist compared his enemies to wild dogs that gain courage with the cover of night to threaten boldly and attack. Their offensive weapons included their words, which were similar to swords in their destructive power (cf. 55:21; 57:4; 64:6).

59:8           David knew that the LORD felt no intimidation when He heard their threats. Even the wranglings of the nations did not disturb Him (cf. 2:4).

"From his perspective evil is ridiculous; it is self-destructive."[761]

59:9-10      The NIV translation, "O my Strength, I watch for you" (v. 9), expresses David's trust in the LORD very well. Rather than feeling terrified by his assassins, David trusted in his Avenger.

3.     David's desire for His Lord's glory 59:11-13

David did not just want His Lord to frustrate the attacks of his enemies. He desired that He would use their aggression as a lesson to many people of how He deals with those who oppose Him and His anointed.

4.     David's joy in view of certain deliverance 59:14-17

59:14-15    Returning to the thought of his enemies behaving like wild dogs (vv. 6-7), David reminded his Lord of their vicious attacks.

"It is not poverty, but discontent, that makes a man unhappy."[762]

"Nothing was more a subject of Oriental merriment than a case in which the crafty are deceived, and nothing more makes a man the object of derision than to be outwitted by a woman, as in this instance Saul and his base minions were by Michal."[763]

59:16-17    In contrast to the behavior of his enemies, the psalmist voiced his confident trust that his Lord would frustrate his antagonists, as He had done often in the past. He looked forward to singing praises to God, his strength, for being his refuge, and for showing him favor.

Even when our spiritual enemies threaten our security, we who are believers can trust in our Lord with great confidence. He will allow nothing to separate us from His love (cf. Rom. 8:31-39). As we go through attacks, we should not only strengthen ourselves with reminders of His complete adequacy as our resource, but we should also pray for His glory.

Psalm 60

The occasion for this national (communal) lament psalm was Israel's victory over the Arameans and the Edomites (cf. 2 Sam. 8:13; 1 Kings 11:15-16; 1 Chron. 18:12; Ps. 44). Naharaim and Zobah were regions in Aram, the country to the northeast of Israel in David's day. In this battle, Joab was responsible for defeating 12,000 Edomites (2 Sam. 8:13). Joab's brother Abishai was the field commander, and the writer of Chronicles gave him the credit for the victory (1 Chron. 18:12).

"This [verse: 2 Sam. 8:13] attributes the victory against the Edomites not to Joab but to David, while 1 Chr 18:12 credits it to Abishai. The three are not necessarily inconsistent, for David-Joab-Abishai looks like a chain of command. The numbers slain are also different, perhaps reflecting a division of the army into two section, one under Joab and Abishai, the other directly under David."[764]

This is a didactic psalm. That is, David wrote it to teach the readers to trust in God when they encountered similar difficulties. Shushan Eduth is literally "the lily of testimony," and is probably a tune name.

1.     A cry for deliverance in battle 60:1-5

60:1-3        In the battle with the Arameans, Israel's enemy overcame her temporarily. David viewed this defeat as punishment from God. He called out in prayer for national restoration. Since God had allowed the defeat, He was the One who could reverse it.

60:4           Apparently, David meant that God had led His people into battle (given them a banner) only to let them fall before their enemy in order to teach Israel a lesson.

60:5           David now requested divine deliverance for the chosen people. God's right hand represents His might. Verses 5-12 are identical to 108:6-13.

2.     A reminder of assured victory 60:6-8

The preceding laments give way to a closing oracle (revelation from God).

60:6           David quoted a prophecy that he had received assuring Israel's military success. God had said that He would give Shechem and the valley of Succoth to Israel. Shechem is the site west of the Jordan River where God first promised Canaan to Abraham and his descendants (Gen. 12). It was also where Jacob lived after he returned to Canaan from Paddan-aram and Laban's oppression (Gen. 33:18-20). Succoth was the place east of the Jordan where Jacob settled after God delivered him from Esau, when Jacob returned from Paddan-aram (Gen. 33:17). Both places had associations with past victories over Arameans and the fulfillment of God's promises concerning the land. Used together, these places represent victory on both sides of the Jordan.

60:7           Gilead was Israel's promised territory east of the Jordan River. The tribal territory of Manasseh straddled the Jordan. Ephraim, west of the Jordan, was one of Israel's strongest and most secure tribes. It lay in central western Canaan and was similar to a helmet in that it provided defense. God had promised Judah the right to rule the other tribes (Gen. 49:10), which the scepter symbolized.

60:8           Moab would serve God as a washbasin. That is, it would be reduced to the status of a servant. God's people would experience purification there as they fought this neighbor. God would throw His shoe toward Edom as a man threw his shoe toward his servant when he came home. Evidently this was commonly done in the ancient Near East.

"The throwing of a shoe over a territory is a sign of taking forcible possession, just as the taking off of the shoe … is a sign of the renunciation of one's claim or right: the shoe is in both instances the symbol of legal possession."[765]

The Edomites, like the Moabites, were God's servants, not His sons in the same sense that the Israelites were. The NIV's translation, "Over Philistia I shout in triumph," pictures God announcing David's victory over the Arameans to this enemy.

"The whole section [vv. 6-8] is an expression of exuberant confidence that God will fulfil [sic] His ancient promises to His people and will give them the land in possession. Therefore the present threat brought about by Edom's invasion must collapse as soon as Israel penitently seeks her help from God."[766]

3.     An expression of confidence in God 60:9-12

60:9-10      David was confident in view of God's promises to subdue Israel's enemies and give her the Promised Land. He would lead the Israelites to ultimate victory, even though He had allowed them to suffer recent defeat.

60:11-12    David acknowledged that victory had to come from God. The Israelites could not obtain it without His help. However, with His aid, they could and would overcome valiantly.[767] Verses 6-12 appear again in 108:7-13.

Both victory and defeat come from God. Consequently, believers should look to Him in both situations, and should rely on His supernatural strength and His covenant promises for success against their enemies.

Psalm 61

Several of the commentators believed David wrote this individual royal lament psalm when he was fleeing from Saul. Delitzsch concluded differently:

"It is a Psalm of the time of Absalom, composed in Mahanaim or elsewhere in Gilead, when the army of the king had smitten the rebels in the wood of Ephraim."[768]

The text itself records no specific background information (cf. v. 6a). David strengthened himself in God—when he felt faint and inadequate—by remembering his Rock and by relying on His promises.

"The traditional use of the psalm, also in the hymn paraphrases that have been built upon it, makes it a psalm that teaches how God's people pray for their rulers and government."[769]

1.     Request for salvation 61:1-2

David began this psalm, as he did many others, by asking God to give attention to his prayer. He evidently felt separated from his own people and his secure surroundings on this occasion.

"Weeping must quicken praying, and not deaden it."[770]

The rock that David requested may have been a literal butte on which he could take refuge, such as Masada. On the other hand, he may have been speaking figuratively of God (cf. Deut. 32:4, 15, 18, 30, 31, 37; 2 Sam. 22:2; Ps. 18:31, 46; 28:1; et al.). In this case, he was asking God to lift him to a secure place that he could not attain by himself.[771]

2.     Confidence in God 61:3-7

61:3-4        David's desire for God's protection rested on His previous provisions of deliverance for him. God had proved to be his refuge and tower of strength.

"Sweet is it beyond expression to remember the lovingkindness of the Lord in our former days, for He is unchangeable and therefore will continue to guard us from all evil."[772]

Now the psalmist longed to dwell in God's tent or tabernacle and to enjoy the protection of His wings, as though he were a baby chick or bird (cf. 17:8; 36:7; 57:1; 63:7; 91:4). References in the psalms to dwelling in the tent or tabernacle of God sometimes mean dwelling in His presence in a state of continuous communion (e.g., 23:6).[773]

"The psalmist's longing for God (vv. 1-5) is a familiar motif in the Psalms as an expression of deep love for God arising out of great adversity (cf. Pss 20; 21; 27; 42; 43; 63)."[774]

61:5-7        David knew that God had heard his prayer. The inheritance of those who fear God's name was prosperity under the promises of the Mosaic Covenant (Deut. 29:9). These promises included long life and abiding in God's favor. David asked God to deal with him in faithfulness and truth so that he would indeed endure through his present trial.

3.     Promise of praise 61:8

When God would deliver him, David would praise God with song and continue to pay his vowed offerings regularly in the future.

Believers can confidently petition God for deliverance on the basis of His promises and His former faithfulness. These resources can give us strength when we feel vulnerable and alone.

Psalm 62

David, as a man of authority, expressed trust in God in spite of opposition, in this wisdom psalm of confidence. He contrasted the security that comes from trusting in God with the insecurity of hoping in human schemes. The background may be Absalom's rebellion.[775]

This is a good psalm to read when one is tempted to lose faith in God.

"There is scarcely another psalm that reveals such an absolute and undisturbed peace, in which confidence in God is so completely unshaken, and in which assurance is so strong that not even one single petition is voiced throughout the psalm. Men who were in distress have often longed that they might manifest a spirit of undismayed calm such as this writer possessed."[776]

1.     David's example of trust in God 62:1-4

62:1-2        A literal translation of the first line would be, "My soul finds rest in God alone." That idea is the theme of this psalm (cf. v. 5). Rather than looking to other people for encouragement and security, David looked to God alone for these needs (cf. Exod. 14:14; Isa. 30:15). He did this because he had discovered that God Himself was responsible for his deliverance. He had been a rock and a stronghold for the psalmist in the past.

62:3-4        David marveled that wicked enemies tried to topple him, as though he were a leaning wall or flimsy fence. These enemies had resorted to deceitful words to accomplish their ends.

2.     David's encouragement to trust in God 62:5-8

"Whereas in the first section complete resignation to God's will was asserted, in this section it is prayed for. This does not imply a weakening of the former position but rather that whatever vantage ground we hold we must continually recapture by prayer. Faith's battles are never finished, nor does struggle depart from our life."[777]

62:5-6        These verses repeat the idea of verses 1 and 2 with minor variations.

"They trust no God at all who trust Him not alone. He that stands with one foot on a rock and another foot upon a quicksand will sink and perish as certainly as he that standeth with both feet upon a quicksand."[778]

"Whenever I accept the lack of power and control I have over any situation, calm begins to descend."[779]

62:7-8        The psalmist acknowledged God as the basis of his salvation and glory; unless God had provided them, David would have had neither of these blessings. Because of this, David urged his people to trust in God always and to pour out their hearts to Him in prayer.

"We must lay our grievances before him, offer up our desires to him with all humble freedom, patiently submitting our wills to his: this is pouring out our hearts."[780]

3.     David's entreaty to trust only in God 62:9-12

62:9-10      It is unwise to put one's ultimate confidence in other people, whether they are of low or high position. The reason for this is that all human beings are comparatively insignificant. They are as transitory and ephemeral as a breath of wind (lit. vapor; cf. 39:5, 11; 144:4; Eccles. 12:1, 7). Consequently, the actions and products of merely human endeavor are poor objects in which to trust.

"The point, then, is not so much that we have nothing to fear from man (as in 27:1ff.), as that we have nothing to hope from him."[781]

62:11-12    Human power is weak, but divine power is mighty. God's loyal love ("faithfulness") is likewise great. He will give justice to everyone repeatedly. Therefore it is important that human beings trust in the Lord (Adonai) rather than in other people and their works.

"It is a convention of wisdom literature to use a number and then raise it by one (Prov. 30:11-33). The point here is that David has heard the message with certainty."[782]

People are constantly deciding whether to trust in what they can see. In this psalm, David helps us see that God Himself is a much better Person to trust than any mortal man. We should trust God, who remains faithful forever, because human beings pass away quickly.

Psalm 63

David wrote this individual lament psalm when he was in the wilderness of Judah, away from the ark and the place of formal worship (2 Sam. 15:25). This could have been when he was fleeing from Saul (1 Sam. 23) or from Absalom (2 Sam. 15:13-30).[783] Some writers classify this as a royal psalm.

The theme of trust, which Psalms 61 and 62 emphasize, reaches a climax in Psalm 63. Even though David was miles away from the ark, he still worshipped God.

"His deep desire to share in public worship is partially satisfied by his fellowship with God in meditation. This song is an excellent example of the highest type of personal and spiritual worship in Israel."[784]

"There may be other psalms that equal this outpouring of devotion; few if any that surpass it."[785]

This psalm is particularly helpful to meditate upon when we want to get to know God better (cf. Ps. 42).

1.     David's thirst for God 63:1-2

63:1           Evidently David's thirst for water in the wilderness led him to express his soul's thirst for God. As soon as David arose in the morning, he became aware of his need for God—just as he needed water shortly after waking up. He was speaking of his sense of dependence on God.

"Observe the eagerness implied in the time mentioned; he will not wait for noon or the cool eventide; he is up at cockcrowing to meet his God."[786]

63:2           The psalmist had come to realize his need for God earlier as a result of what he had learned about God in His sanctuary (i.e., the tabernacle). There he had become sure of God's great power and glory.

"What life does to us depends on what life finds in us …"[787]

2.     David's satisfaction with God 63:3-8

63:3-4        David's thirst for God found relief as he praised Him. He considered God's favor (loyal love) even better than life itself.

"We have better provision and better possessions than the wealth of this world can afford us, and in the service of God, and in communion with him, we have better employments and better enjoyments than we can have in the business and converse of this world."[788]

God's love nourished and refreshed David more than the water that he needed. Lifting up the hands toward God was a gesture of prayer (cf. 28:2; Lam. 2:19) and/or respect (cf. 119:48).

63:5-6        Thinking about God's ability to satisfy his every need brought a sense of fullness into David's life. He compared this to one's feeling when his stomach is filled with the richest food. David's meditation on God overflowed in praise.

"When sleep departs from our eyes (through pain, or sickness of body, or any disturbance in the mind) our souls, by remembering God, may be at ease, and repose themselves. Perhaps an hour's pious meditation will do us more good than an hour's sleep would have done. See xvi. 7; xvii. 3; iv. 4; cxix. 62."[789]

63:7-8        God's support and provision of safety were the immediate causes of David's meditation and praise. Again David pictured himself as a bird under the wing of its mother, and as a dependent infant held by its parent.

3.     David's confidence in God 63:9-11

63:9-10      Reflecting on his God bolstered David's confidence that God would preserve him in his present situation. David knew that God would deliver him, because God had chosen him as His anointed servant and had blessed him for his submission to God's will.

"Every blow aimed against the godly will recoil on the persecutor; he who smites a believer drives a nail in his own coffin."[790]

"Foxes" (v. 10) should probably be "jackals" here, since jackals are the ultimate scavengers and eat the remains of a kill that the larger predators reject.[791] The same Hebrew word describes both animals.

63:11         Instead of anticipating destruction, as God's enemies could, David confidently rejoiced. Everyone who sides with God, as David did, can do the same.

Meditation on the person and works of God can bring refreshment and invigoration to any believer. Meditation on God fills a basic need in the heart of every person, as basic a need as food and drink. It not only satisfies the believer, but it overflows in praise, making him or her a blessing to others.

Psalm 64

David asked God to judge the enemies of the righteous in this individual lament psalm. He requested divine protection and voiced confidence that God would punish his wicked foes.

"The plight of the psalmist is desperate, although there is no reference here to physical harm. His enemies scheme and slander secretly rather than coming out in open opposition."[792]

1.     A plea for protection 64:1-2

David opened this psalm with a complaint in which he asked God to preserve him from dreading the plots of wicked enemies who conspired in secret against him.

2.     The ploys of persecutors 64:3-6

64:3-4        David's enemies were attacking him verbally. They were using their words as weapons in order to injure him (cf. 55:21; 57:4; 59:7).

64:5-6        David's foes were evidently conspiring against him with a careful plan designed to humiliate him, and their purpose was evil and unjust.

3.     A prediction of punishment 64:7-10

64:7-8a      David's enemies had assailed him with words that they used like deadly arrows, but God would shoot these foes with His arrow of judgment. With it God would make them fall in battle. The NIV translation of verse 8b reads: "He will turn their own tongues against them."

"Their tongue shall cut their throats."[793]

64:8b-10    David identified the reactions of two groups of people to God's activity of judging his evil assailants. Those who observed the judgment would do two things: They would fear doing the same thing themselves and would declare to others what He did, having considered it themselves. Second, the righteous would also have a double response. They would rejoice in God's will being done and would renew their trust in Him.

The godly should commit their case to God in prayer when they become targets of malicious gossip. They can also rest in the assurance that God will eventually turn the antagonism of the wicked back on them (cf. 1 Sam. 25). He will do so for His own glory and for the welfare of those who trust in Him.[794]

Psalm 65

This communal song of thanksgiving celebrates God blessing His people with a bountiful land (cf. Pss. 66—68). Other communal or community psalms of thanksgiving are 66, 107, 118, 124, and 129. The element that distinguishes a communal psalm of thanksgiving from an individual psalm of thanksgiving is "the use of plural pronouns or some other clear indicator that the congregation of Israel, rather than the individual, has gone through the crisis."[795] Other interpreters view this as a wisdom psalm, a creation psalm, or a prophetic psalm.[796] David explained that God hears prayer and atones for sin. This results in bounty for His people. God also helps them by His supernatural power.

"Psalms 65—68 are all called 'songs,' and, as many commentators note, their atmosphere is very different from those with biographical notes, which dominate Psalms 51—64. Apart from 66:13-20, they are communal rather than individual. Each seems to take its starting point from some pentateuchal passage, 65 perhaps from Genesis 1, 66 from Exodus 12, 67 from Num 6:22-27 (with Gen 12:1-3), and 68 from Num 10:35, but in each case their abiding relevance for the people is clear. Psalm 64:9 introduced a universal element into this part of book 2, and the universal note is a key feature of Psalm 65."[797]

1.     God's forgiveness 65:1-4

65:1-2        David began this song by declaring that people will pray to God because He hears their prayers. They will also be silent before Him out of respect. Sometimes the height of worship is to fall silent before God. Resignation or submission to God is a form of praise. His people will praise Him publicly and will fulfill their promised vows, because He responds to His people's petitions. This thought is the keynote of this psalm.

65:3-4        A great national sin seems to have been the psalmist's concern, and he was grateful for God's forgiveness (cf. Rom. 5:1). Those whom God forgives can approach Him and experience His blessing—even in His earthly habitation (cf. Rom. 5:2; 2 Cor. 9:8). The Hebrew word hekal (temple) is a synonym for tabernacle. It means a magnificent house and does not describe Solomon's temple necessarily (cf. 5:7).

"For all that God's grace offers us we can give Him no better thanks than to hunger and thirst after it, and satisfy our poor soul therewith."[798]

2.     God's power 65:5-8

David regarded answers to prayer as some of God's awesome works (v. 5a). These verses express God's great power by citing a number of specific divine acts (vv. 5b-8). People from all over the world trust in Him because of His revelation in creation and in history (vv. 5b, 8a).

"This idealistic portrayal of universal worship is typical hymnic hyperbole, though it does anticipate eschatological reality."[799]

The raging seas (v. 7) represent the turbulent nations of the earth (cf. 46:2-3; Isa. 17:12).

3.     God's bounty 65:9-13

65:9a          Not only does God hear prayer, but He also sends bountiful harvests.

"O Lord, in this manner visit Thy church, and my poor, parched and withering piety. Make Thy grace to overflow towards my graces; water me, for no plant of Thy garden needs it more."[800]

65:9b-10    These descriptions view God tending the earth like a farmer would. God is the One responsible for the abundance of crops (cf. 1 Cor. 3:6).

"In the Bible nature does not work autonomously [i.e., by itself, on its own]."[801]

"The riches of the earth are abundantly more useful to man than those which are hidden in its bowels; we might live well enough without silver and gold, but not without corn and grass."[802]

65:11-13    David pictured the earth richly plentiful with God's blessing on fields and flocks, and he personified it as rejoicing in His goodness.

In spite of man's sin, God blesses his environment with many good things so that people can prosper and rejoice. This is His "common grace." God delights to bless all people (Matt. 5:45). He is a good, as well as a great, God.[803]

Psalm 66

This is a psalm of thanksgiving or praise (both descriptive and declarative), as was the previous one. We do not know the writer or the occasion for sure, but Judah's deliverance from the Assyrians in Hezekiah's day seems to be a possible background (2 Kings 18—19; Isa. 36—37).[804] In this psalm, God's people acknowledged His deliverance and invited other people to join them in praising Him.

"This psalm shows the move from communal affirmation to individual appreciation, which is what we always do in biblical faith."[805]

"The exhortation to praise the Lord begins with the Gentile nations (vv. 1-7), moves to Israel (vv. 8-12), and concludes with the individual believer (vv. 13-20)."[806]

"Israel was not oblivious of the fact that the things that were done to her were to be made known among all peoples."[807]

1.     The nations' praise 66:1-12

66:1-4        The psalmist, speaking for his nation, called the other nations to join in praise of God by shouting, singing, and speaking. In verses 1-12 he wrote in the first person plural, but in verses 13-20 he used the first person singular.

"'Glory' (kabod) is the very essence of a person—what make you what you are. It is akin to honor and reputation; it is not just an invisible, internal quality but is bound up with how one is known and accepted in society at large."[808]

God's great acts made His enemies cringe before Him. God's enemies would pretend to obey Him because they feared His wrath, even if they did not really obey Him.

66:5-7        God's great acts in nature and history demonstrate His sovereign authority over all the earth.

"One must take time to consider what God has done otherwise he will not be impressed by the Lord's works."[809]

The Red Sea and Jordan River crossings demonstrated this authority to all the nations (cf. Josh. 2:9-11). Nations should, therefore, pause before rebelling against God.

66:8-9        Again the psalmist called the nations to bless God because of what He had done in preserving Israel.

"… praise unexpressed seldom grows to its full stature."[810]

66:10-12    God had also disciplined Israel to bring out the best in her. He had put her through trials of fire (e.g., the brick-kilns of Egypt) and trials of water (e.g., the Red Sea), two prominent testing media.

"Fire and water are, as in Isa. xliii. 2, a figure of vicissitudes [unpleasant changes] and perils of the most extreme character."[811]

Through all her tests, God had not abandoned His people, but had brought them through to greater blessing.

"God had one Son without sin, but He never had a son without trial."[812]

2.     The psalmist's praise 66:13-20

66:13-15    The psalmist now spoke to God for himself. He provided an example for the people. He personally would praise God by offering burnt and peace sacrifices in fulfillment of his promises to God. These sacrifices were primarily for worship rather than for the removal of sin.

"When the eyes abhor lustful objects, the ear slanders, the foot erring paths, the hands wrong and violence, the tongue flattery and blasphemy, the heart pride and hypocrisy; this is thy holocaust, thy whole burnt-offering."[813]

66:16-20    In these verses the writer addressed the congregated nation, not God. This is declarative praise. God had answered the psalmist's petition that arose out of a pure heart. Yahweh will not listen to the prayer of a person who nurses sin in his or her heart. "Regard wickedness" (v. 18) is literally "see wickedness with pleasure."[814] He hears every prayer, of course, because He knows all, but He will not hear the prayer of such a person in the sense of answering it, under normal circumstances. The psalm closes with the psalmist's personal benediction to God for granting his petition and bestowing His loyal love.

When God's people are in need they should purify their hearts and pray. When they do, He will answer and bless them. This should cause other people to honor and praise God.

Psalm 67

This is another song that exhorts the nations to praise God that an unknown psalmist penned. Its theme is similar to that of Psalm 66. It can serve as a wonderful invocation and doxology in worship. Delitzsch called it a "harvest thanksgiving song."[815]

"If a psalm was ever written round the promises to Abraham, that he would be both blessed and made a blessing, it could well have been such as this. The song begins at home, and returns to pause there a moment before the end; but its thought always flies to the distant peoples and to what awaits them when the blessing that has reached 'us' reaches all."[816]

"This orphan psalm is a meditation in chiastic form on two OT passages taken together, somewhat after the manner of the Epistle to the Hebrews. These are the promise to Abraham in Gen 12:1ff. and the Aaronic blessing in Num 6:24-27."[817]

"The evidence for the early date of the psalm challenges the critical supposition that Israel's missionary outlook developed after the Exile. Clearly the psalm is a missionary psalm, since it looks forward to the rule of God over Jews and Gentiles (cf. Acts 28:28)."[818]

1.     God's grace to His people 67:1-2

The psalmist began by repeating part of Israel's priestly blessing (cf. Num. 6:24-26) to request God's favor on His people. Causing one's face to shine on others means smiling on them with favor and approval (cf. 4:6). The writer requested God's blessing on Israel so that other nations would learn of His favor, turn to Him in faith, and experience His salvation themselves (v.2).

"This passage anticipates the thrust of world mission that is found in the New Testament (Matt. 28:18-20; Acts 1:8). The point in this psalm is clear: May God bless His people Israel in such a manner that the message of God's way would become known throughout the earth."[819]

2.     God's praise from His people 67:3-7

67:3-4        God's people should praise Him because He rules justly. Because He does rule justly, all nations should look to Him for guidance.

"The capricious kindliness which makes no moral judgments is as alien to biblical thought as the tyranny that rules without love."[820]

67:5-7        God's people should praise Him so that He will bless them with bountiful harvests (cf. Lev. 26:4). Rich harvests would also direct the nations to God.

"Thus already in days of old God's people understood that truth was given both to save them and to have them spread it abroad among those that had it not."[821]

When people recognize God's blessings they tend to fear and worship Him.

Psalm 68

In this psalm David reviewed God's dealings with Israel in order to memorialize God's faithfulness to His people (cf. Judg. 5). He traced Israel's history from the wilderness wanderings to his own capture of Jerusalem. As a mighty commander, God had led His oppressed people into the glorious future that He had promised them. In the process He overcame many strong foes. This psalm speaks powerfully of the glory of God. Delitzsch saw a similarity between the style of this psalm and the style of the Song of Deborah (cf. Judg. 5).[822]

"The theme of this magnificent Psalm is the march of God to victory. It traces the establishment of His kingdom in the past; it looks forward to the defeat of all opposition in the future until all the kingdoms of the world own the God of Israel as their Lord and pay Him homage."[823]

"Whereas we saw the kingdom in Psalm 67, here we see the King in His glory and strength."[824]

1.     A prayer for God to scatter His enemies 68:1-6

68:1-3        David asked God to manifest His awesome power. The words he used recall Moses' prayer whenever the cloudy pillar moved during Israel's wilderness wanderings (Num. 10:35). When God leads His people to fulfill His purposes, His enemies vanish like smoke and melt like hot wax. His people also rejoice greatly.

"The words of the text contain a prayer for the second advent of the Lord Jesus Christ. … Never shall the honor of Christ be complete nor His people happy, nor the righteous be glad and rejoice exceedingly, until God arise and His enemies be scattered."[825]

68:4-6        The psalmist pictured Yahweh as a majestic warrior riding His chariot through the desert wilderness. The native Canaanites described Baal as riding a chariot through the sky. David may have intended his description of the LORD to be a polemic (a written attack) against Baal.

God's special care for the weak and vulnerable is praiseworthy. He led Israel, a nation of prisoners, into the prosperity of the Promised Land. Those who failed to follow His lead ended up dying in the wilderness. This group included Israel's enemies who opposed the nation during the wilderness march and the unbelieving Israelites who refused to follow Caleb and Joshua into the land.

2.     The record of God scattering His enemies 68:7-18

68:7-10      The Canaanites also credited Baal with lightning, thunder, rain, and earthquakes. However, the God of Israel sent these to confirm His presence among His people in their wilderness wanderings and to provide for them. In the Pentateuch, Moses did not record God sending rain in the desert. Nevertheless Deborah, as well as David, revealed that this was one way He met His people's needs (cf. Judg. 5:4). God's inheritance (v. 9) was His people (cf. Deut. 4:20).

68:11-14    This section of the psalm describes the extended conquest of the Promised Land that continued into the Period of the Judges. Many people testified to the Almighty's great acts of deliverance during those years. Israel's Master's supernatural power was at work indisputably for His nation. The Almighty defeated many Canaanite kings, and He gave His people much spoil. Verse 13 may refer to those Israelites who, as peaceful doves, refused to go into war against the Canaanites but who still enjoyed the spoils God gave the whole nation (cf. Judg. 5:16).

In verse 14, the snowing on Mt. Zalmon (Black Mountain) may be a figurative description of God's blessings, or David may have been referring to Abimelech's victory on Mt. Zalmon near Shechem (Judg. 9:48). In the second case, he may have viewed the corpses of the victims and their weapons lying like scattered snowflakes on the mountain.[826]

68:15-18    The NIV rendering of verse 15 is preferable: "The mountains of Bashan are majestic mountains, rugged are the mountains of Bashan." As impressive as the mountains of Bashan were, namely, Mt. Hermon and its neighbors, the mountain that the LORD had chosen for His special habitation was even more grand, namely, Mt. Zion. Topographically, Mt. Zion is not as impressive, but because Yahweh chose to dwell among His people there, it was most significant. David described God, accompanied by His angelic army, escorting Israel from Mt. Sinai to Mt. Zion.

The Canaanites believed that Baal lived on Mt. Carmel. In describing Yahweh this way, David was using imagery common among his pagan ancient Near Eastern neighbors. He did so to portray Yahweh's greatness.

The historical events that most closely correspond to God's figurative ascension up Mt. Zion were David's capture of Jerusalem from the Jebusites (2 Sam. 5:6-8) and his bringing the ark into that city (2 Sam. 6). When David defeated the Jebusites, he led a host of them captive and undoubtedly took much spoil from them. The writer viewed the spoil as a kind of gift that they gave to him. Even the rebellious Jebusites gave gifts to David. Of course, God was the real Commander-in-Chief who captured the mountain for His people, led the captives captive, and received the gifts from them.

The Apostle Paul referred to verse 18 in Ephesians 4:8, but he quoted it very loosely and even changed receiving gifts to giving gifts. One explanation for this difference is that Paul may have been following a popular Jewish interpretation of his day, the Targum, which attributed these actions to Moses. According to the Targum, Moses ascended into the heavens, led captivity captive, and gave gifts to the sons of men.[827] Another explanation is that Paul used this verse as a basis for what he said, but went beyond it to make another point he wanted to stress. After all, he did not claim to quote this verse. He just cast his own words in the mold of this verse.[828]

Paul used this verse to illustrate Jesus' ascension into the heavenly Mt. Zion (God's dwelling place) after His resurrection. He too ascended on high, led His enemies captive, and received gifts from men. These gifts may be praise or more tangible gifts. They may have already come to Him, or His reception of them may be primarily future. Paul went on to say that Jesus also gave gifts to men, something God definitely did and David may have done, but which this psalm does not say they did. This point was the one Paul stressed in his following explanation, but God's and David's gift-giving to men was David's emphasis when he wrote this psalm.

3.     The effect of God's scattering His enemies 68:19-31

68:19-23    David moved from a historical review of God the Lord (Adonai) giving Israel victory to confidence that He would continue to do so daily.

"God's benefits are not few nor light; they are loads. Neither are they intermittent, but they come 'daily'; nor are they confined to one or two favorites, for all Israel can say, 'He loadeth us with benefits.'"[829]

Any who resist God can count on His powerful opposition and their own inevitable defeat. Additional references to victories over Og, the king of Bashan, the crossing of the Red Sea, numerous victories in battle, and the slaying of Jezebel (2 Kings 9:33-36) would have encouraged the Israelites further. The same Master who gave them success in the past was ready to do so still.

"When the parallel passage dwells upon 'the hairy crown' [v. 21] of certain ones it seems to refer to the custom of having men of distinction wear their hair exceptionally long (Deut. 32:42)."[830]

68:24-27    The Israelites witnessed God's glorious entrance into His sanctuary on Mt. Zion. David described the scene as what would have accompanied an earthly monarch—and may have accompanied his own entrance into Jerusalem. The "fountain of Israel" (v. 26) pictures the LORD God as a fountain of blessing, providing life-giving refreshment to the nation.

Benjamin was the smallest tribe in the south, but a leader nonetheless. Judah was the largest tribe in the south. Zebulun and Naphtali were northern tribes that David may have chosen because of their prominence in Deborah's song (Judg. 5:18). Together these four tribes represent all the Israelites, from the south and the north.

68:28-31    David next called on God to manifest His strength afresh. He foresaw that foreign kings would fear God when they heard about all the powerful victories that He had won for His people. This in fact occurred during Solomon's reign, as attested by the Queen of Sheba's testimony (1 King 10:1-13). The beasts, bulls, and calves to which David referred probably represent foreign rulers, whom he envisioned bringing tribute. This also happened when Solomon reigned.

"The taxation of sin is infinitely more exacting than the tribute of religion. The little finger of lust is heavier than the loins of the law. Pieces of silver given to God are replaced with pieces of gold."[831]

David predicted that God would defuse rebellions and cause potential enemies to make peace with Israel out of respect for her God. Perhaps he mentioned Egypt and Ethiopia (v. 31) because these were two countries from which subjects and supplicants were least likely to be expected.[832]

4.     The proper response to God scattering His enemies 68:32-35

In conclusion, David called on the nations to praise Adonai Elohim, the strong, sovereign ruler over all. His display of power and majesty, so beautifully set forth in this psalm, is ample reason to do so. This section anticipates the reign of Jesus (cf. Zeph. 3:14-17).

"Again and again is God to be magnified; we have too much sinning against God but cannot have too much singing to God."[833]

In view of God's dealings with Israel, every nation under heaven should learn who the true God is and submit to His authority. His record of prospering those who trust in Him, and destroying those who oppose Him, should move all people to bow before Him.

Psalm 69

In this imprecatory psalm of individual lament, David, who protested his innocence, sought God to deliver him from destruction. He was experiencing criticism and rejection from the Israelites because of decisions that he had made to do God's will (i.e., his religious convictions). He asked God to deal with his oppressors, and he looked forward to relief and the renewal of praise to God. What David wrote here sounds so much like parts of Jeremiah that some writers have concluded that Jeremiah wrote it.[834]

Some scholars have labeled this psalm "indirectly messianic" because, while it does not specifically predict Messiah, Messiah fulfilled what the writer expressed (cf. Ps. 16; 22; 34; 40; 41; 109).[835] It reveals Messiah's emotional and spiritual sufferings. McGee wrote that it predicted "the silent years in the life of Christ."[836] After Psalms 110 and 22, this is the third most frequently quoted psalm in the New Testament.

"Perhaps in no psalm in the whole psalter is the sense of sorrow profounder or more intense than in this."[837]

1.     The unwarranted hatred of David's enemies 69:1-4

69:1-3        The psalmist likened his desperate condition to that of a drowning man. He also pictured himself hoarse from praying, and losing his eyesight as he strained to see God's deliverance that had not yet appeared.

69:4           David faced numerous critics whom he described hyperbolically as innumerable. His enemies were very powerful people. He had to make concessions to them that were unwarranted.

Jesus Christ suffered this type of opposition as well. He referred to His sufferings as a fulfillment of what David had written here and elsewhere (Ps. 35:19) in John 15:25.

2.     The reason for and the results of David's condition 69:5-12

69:5           David did not pretend to be sinless, but he believed that his enemies' present antagonism was not due to sins that he had committed.

"David might well say this, but not David's Lord; unless it be understood as an appeal to God as to His freedom from the folly which men imputed to Him when they said He was mad. That which was foolishness to men was superlative wisdom before God."[838]

69:6-7        The psalmist did not want others who trusted in God to feel discouraged by the opposition of his critics. He seems to have had in mind those who stood with him in the decision that had drawn criticism. Note that his appeal was to his Lord, the God of armies, and to the God of Israel. By using these names of God, David was voicing a very strong appeal.

69:8           Very few people sided with David. Even his closest relatives had apparently turned against him.

69:9           Evidently it was David's preoccupation with building the temple that had turned popular opinion against him. Perhaps the majority of the Israelites considered this an extravagant project. Had he increased taxes to pay for it? We do not know.

The Lord Jesus' zeal for the temple, which led Him to drive the moneychangers out of it, brought this verse to His disciples' minds (John 2:17).

"How industrious was Calvin in the Lord's vineyard! When his friends persuaded him for his health's sake to remit a little of his labor, saith he, 'Would you have the Lord find me idle when He comes?' Luther spent three hours a day in prayer. It is said of holy Bradford, preaching, reading, and prayer, was his whole life. 'I rejoice,' said bishop Jewel, 'that my body is exhausted in the labors of my holy calling.'"[839]

69:10-11    David had expressed his mourning over the opposition that he faced by weeping internally, by going without meals, and by wearing sackcloth. His sorrow was indeed genuine and deep.

69:12         From the most respected city judges who sat in the gate, to the least respected drunkards, everyone was criticizing David.

3.     David's appeal to God in prayer 69:13-28

69:13-15    David wanted deliverance from a premature death and a word from the LORD God that would enable him to know what to do.

69:16-18    The king based his petition on the mercy (loyal love) and compassion of Yahweh. He asked the LORD to redeem him from his trouble by drawing him out of it. God had done this when He redeemed Israel out of Egyptian bondage.

69:19-21    David was confident that God knew his situation, and that because He knew it, He would help him. The opposition of his critics had wounded David's spirit. None of his friends stood with him when popular opinion turned against him. Instead of sustaining him with a good meal, they gave him poison to eat and vinegar to drink. This is probably a figurative description of their treatment of him. The Hebrew word barut (food) describes a meal that sympathetic friends gave to a mourner.[840] David's use of this particular word highlights the hypocrisy of his friends' actions.

One of Jesus' disciples treated Him hypocritically by betraying Him with a kiss (Matt. 26:48). Jesus was offered vinegar to soothe His thirst (Matt. 27:34), and Jesus' enemies gave Him real vinegar to drink as He hung on the cross (Matt. 27:48).

"A criminal's draught was offered to our innocent Lord, a bitter portion to our dying Master. Sorry entertainment had earth for her King and Savior. How often have our sins filled the gall-cup for our Redeemer! While we blame the Jews, let us not excuse ourselves."[841]

69:22-28             "Up to this point, Christ and His passion have been so evidently foreshadowed (see on verses 4, 9, 21) that we are almost prepared now for a plea approximating to 'Father, forgive them'. The curse which comes instead is a powerful reminder of the new thing which our Lord did at Calvary."[842]

Most of these verses call down God's punishment on those who had opposed His anointed servant David, who sought to do His will and glorify Him. David was not venting his personal hatred but was asking God to punish those who resisted him. A "snare" (v. 22) was a self-springing trap, and a "trap" (v. 22) may have had bait in it.[843]

The Apostle Paul applied verses 22 and 23 to the Jews who had opposed the Lord Jesus, in Romans 11:9-10 (cf. 1 Thess. 5:3). Judas Iscariot fulfilled the words of verse 25 (cf. Acts 1:20).

The reason David wanted God to deal with his adversaries so severely comes through in verse 26. They had poured salt in a wound that God had given him. Evidently David viewed his suffering as ultimately coming from God, in the sense that He had permitted it. His human enemies were adding insult to injury by treating him the way they did.

Likewise, God was behind the crucifixion of His Son, but the human agents of Jesus' sufferings and death were also responsible and had to bear the punishment for their actions.

David asked that God blot out the names of his enemies from His book of life (v. 28). This probably refers to the book of the living (cf. Rev. 3:5). The term "book of life" in the Old Testament refers to the record of those who are alive physically (cf. Exod. 32:32-33; Deut. 29:20; Ps. 69:28; Dan. 12:1; cf. Exod. 17:14; Deut. 25:19; Isa. 4:3). It came to have a more specific meaning in the New Testament. There it usually refers to the list of the names and deeds of the elect (Luke 10:20; Phil. 4:3; Heb. 12:23; Rev. 13:8; 17:8; 20:12, 15; 21:27; 22:19; cf. Rev. 2:11, 17; 3:5, 12).[844] In other words, David asked God to cut the lives of his enemies short.

"Many people struggle with the idea of divine retribution against unrepentant sinners. But Jesus' appeal to forgive one's enemies must be balanced by His role of Avenger, the One who will judge those who remain in obstinate rebellion against Him (Rev. 19:11-16)."[845]

4.     David's resolution to praise God 69:29-36

69:29-33    Again David asked God to deliver him (cf. v. 13). Assured of salvation, he vowed to praise God, confident that that would please Yahweh more than animal sacrifices. Bulls with horns and hoofs (v. 31) were mature animals that made good offerings.

"There is a note of dry amusement in the glance at horns and hoofs—how useful to God!"[846]

When the poor and needy, who also trusted in the LORD God as David did, saw His deliverance, they would rejoice. Such salvation would encourage them.

69:34-36    Anticipation of personal deliverance encouraged David to expect God to fulfill His promises to Israel as well. He called on the whole creation to praise God who would establish Israel as He had promised.

When the godly determine to glorify God, many people will oppose their efforts and persecute them. This opposition should not drive us away from God, but to Him, in order to obtain the grace we need to remain faithful. God will reward this type of faithfulness abundantly (e.g., James 1:12). We can see the truth of this in David's life and in the life of His greatest son, Jesus Christ.

Psalm 70

The superscription of this psalm, a "memorial" or "petition" (NIV), literally means, "to bring to remembrance" (cf. Ps. 38).

"Perhaps this was a note that the psalm was to be used in connection with the offerings (cf. 1 Chron. 16:4), which would help 'remind' the Lord of the petitioner's request."[847]

The subject matter of this lament psalm is very similar to that of Psalm 69, though the treatment is much shorter. It is almost identical to Psalm 40:13-17.

"Why repeat it here? Because my memory is not very good, and God knew it wouldn't be. I can imagine that God said, 'By the time McGee gets to this point in the Book of Psalms he will have forgotten all about Psalm 40, so I'll repeat it.'"[848]

"Like Psalms 9—10, 32—33, and 42—43 before them, Psalms 70 and 71 are combined in many ancient manuscripts, indicating they were (in some traditions at least) read as a single psalm."[849]

1.     A plea for immediate help 70:1-3

70:1           David needed and cried out for immediate help to Elohim Yahweh (cf. 31:2).

70:2-3        He needed help right away, because enemies were trying to ruin him. He prayed that God would bring shame on those who sought to shame David. His enemies were evidently trying to kill him.

2.     A prayer for God's glory 70:4-5

As a result of God's deliverance, other righteous people would glorify God the LORD and rejoice in Him. The psalm ends as it began: with a request for speedy relief. David was stressing how desperately he needed God's assistance by beginning and ending the psalm with these petitions.

Sometimes, when believers are under attack by others who oppose God's will, all they can do is cry out to God for help (cf. Neh. 2:4-5). Even in brief prayers such as this, we should base our petitions on God's glory, as this psalmist did.

Psalm 71

This individual lament psalm expresses the faith of an older person in need who had trusted in God for many years. This is a good psalm for senior citizens.[850]

"This is pre-eminently a song of the aged, and, like old age, it is reminiscent."[851]

The writer is unknown to us, though Delitzsch believed that he was Jeremiah.[852] David is also a possibility. The writer combined elements that we find in several other psalms to communicate his thoughts (cf. Pss. 22; 31; 35; 40).

"No two commentators divide the psalm in the same way."[853]

1.     A prayer for the LORD's help 71:1-4

The writer began by reaffirming his confidence in Yahweh, in whom he had trusted in the past (cf. 31:1-3). He wanted God's deliverance from the attacks of wicked people so that his confidence in Him would not prove in vain. He spoke of the LORD as a refuge, a rock, and a fortress. We do not know if he was under verbal, or physical attack, or both types.

2.     A review of the psalmist's faith 71:5-13

71:5-6        The writer had trusted in the Lord God from his youth, because He had sustained him from the day of his birth. He had praised Him all his life.

71:7-8        The psalmist meant that onlookers regarded what was happening to him as an omen of things to come. Evidently they felt God was abandoning the righteous because He appeared to be abandoning this aged saint. Nevertheless the psalmist continued to praise God.

71:9-13      The writer appealed specifically to God not to forsake him in his old age, especially since his adversaries were claiming that God had abandoned him. He had no other defender and cried out to God to do what was right. These verses contain an imprecation (v. 13).

3.     A new commitment to continued trust 71:14-24

71:14-18    Regardless of the outcome in his case, the writer determined to continue trusting and praising the Lord God. God had demonstrated His righteousness, salvation, and mighty deeds for a long time and in many ways. Therefore, the psalmist vowed to speak of them forever, even if he could not tally up all of God's faithful acts. If God forsook him, he could not fully relate these testimonials to the present generation of his people.

Presently, I identify with verses 17 and 18 more than with many verses in the Psalms. The Lord has "taught me from my youth," having had parents who were believers, who provided me with good biblical training and encouraged me to pursue it. As a senior citizen, I am still able to "declare" my Lord's "wondrous deeds," chiefly through these notes. I am confident that the Lord will not forsake me now that I am "old and gray" (cf. Matt. 28:20) as I continue to "declare" His "strength" and "power" "to this generation" and "to all who are to come."

"The golden opportunity of our golden years, according to the psalmist, is to transmit to our children (whether real or spiritual) and our children's children God's power and might."[854]

71:19-21    The great things of which the writer testified included God's salvation out of many personal troubles. The psalmist had been down before, but God had always lifted him up.[855] He prayed that this would be his experience again. The writer's greatness, or honor, came from trusting in God and having that trust rewarded with deliverance.

71:22-24    In anticipation of God's help, the psalmist promised to praise the Holy One of Israel with stringed instruments, as well as vocally. The title "Holy One of Israel" (v. 22) is common in Isaiah but rare in the psalms, occurring only three times (cf. 78:41; 89:18). In conclusion (v. 24b), the psalmist spoke of his accusers' humiliation as already present, even though that is what he was requesting. This is probably another instance of expressing confidence that something would happen by describing it as having already taken place.

"As we grow old, let's not talk about our aches and pains, let's rejoice in the Lord and sing His praises."[856]

When people have trusted in God over a lifetime and have seen Him deliver them from many trials, it becomes easier for them to trust Him in the present. Just as continual unbelief makes faith more difficult, continual trust makes unbelief more difficult.

Psalm 72

This royal psalm is one of two psalms that attribute authorship to Solomon in the superscription (cf. Ps. 127). Some interpreters, however, believe that David wrote it for Solomon.[857] It describes Solomon's reign but anticipates the rule of his successor, Jesus Christ, on earth in the future.[858] The psalmist prayed for the prosperity of the LORD's anointed, ultimately Israel's Messiah. Isaac Watts wrote the hymn "Jesus Shall Reign" after meditating on this psalm.[859]

"The psalm is quoted nowhere in the New Testament as referring to Jesus, but certainly it describes the elements that will make up the promised kingdom when Jesus returns."[860]

Solomon wrote of the blessings that God bestows through His anointed ruler. Because God had appointed the king, and because he ruled righteously, the writer expected his reign to be far-reaching. He asked God to bless his reign with peace and prosperity, because he protects the oppressed.

"The psalm begins with a prayer for the messianic kingship of David's dynasty (vv. 1-2) and ends on an ascription of praise to the universal kingship of the Lord (vv. 18-19). The petition alternates between a prayer for the king, a prayer for the prosperity and justice associated with the rule, and a prayer for the extent of the rule."[861]

1.     A plea for ability to rule well 72:1-7

72:1-4        This prayer for the ability to rule justly and righteously is similar to Solomon's request for wisdom, which he voiced at the beginning of his reign (1 Kings 3:9). The psalmist's references to the mountains and hills are probably metaphorical allusions to the king's government (cf. Ps. 30:7; Isa. 2:2; 41:15; Jer. 51:25; Dan. 2:35, 44; Rev. 17:9). Verse 4 describes basic justice.

72:5-7        The various English translators understood verse 5 differently. The NASB, ESV, NKJV, and NET2, following the Hebrew text, have God as the addressee. The NIV, TNIV, AV, NRSV, HCSB, CEV, and NEB, following the Septuagint translation, have the king as the subject. It seems to me that, in this case, the Septuagint reading is to be preferred. In verses 6 and 7, the king is the subject.

The effects of a just and righteous king, the type of person Solomon asked God to make him, are as beneficial to his people as rain and peace are to the landscape.

"It is the other side of kingship to the 'rod of iron' of Psalm 2:9; yet the one is the true complement of the other, as verse 4 has shown already."[862]

2.     A plea for wide influence 72:8-14

72:8-11      It was not egotism that made Solomon request a universal dominion ("from sea to sea"), as verses 12-14 make clear (cf. 1 Chron. 4:10). The Euphrates River was the most significant river in terms of the land promises that God gave to Abraham and his descendants. "Tarshish" (v. 10) probably refers to Tartessus in southwest Spain, "Sheba" to modern Yemen in southwestern Arabia, and "Seba" to upper (southern) Egypt, which is now Sudan.

"Extension, not limit, is the idea conveyed. The world belongs to God: may he confer on His representative a world-wide dominion! a hope to be realized only in the universal kingdom of Christ."[863]

72:12-14    Solomon wanted a wide-ranging kingdom so that he might establish justice and righteousness in the whole earth. Then multitudes of people would benefit in the ways he described in these verses.

3.     The consequences of a wide reign of justice 72:15-20

72:15-16    In return for his beneficent rule, the king would receive the blessing of his people. They would express their gratitude by bringing him wealth (cf. 1 Kings 10:10) and by praying for him. As a result of his good influence, his lands would enjoy prosperity, which Solomon compared to abundant crops, favored trees, and flourishing citizens.

"This verse [16], and the Psalm as a whole, shows that what we call the 'moral realm' and the 'realm of nature' form one indivisible whole to the Israelites. A community which lives according to righteousness enjoys not only internal harmony, but also prosperity in field and flock."[864]

72:17         Such a king would enjoy lasting praise, not just the appreciation of the generation that he served (cf. Gen. 12:2-3; Rev. 21:24).

72:18-19    Behind the earthly king, Solomon saw the LORD God. If praise came to Solomon, even more credit should go to the God of Israel for enabling the king to exercise such a marvelous reign. Solomon acknowledged God's sovereignty by attributing blessing to Him here at the end of the psalm.

"But even Solomon in all his glory fades in comparison to the golden king of Psalm 72. In a subtle interweaving of the covenantal promises to David and Abraham, the nations are said to 'be blessed through him' at the same time they 'call him blessed' (72:18). This is clearly a reworking of the original statement of the covenant with Abraham in Genesis 12:2-3."[865]

This closing benediction is a doxology similar to the one that ended Book 1 of the Psalter (Ps. 41:13). Probably the editors of the collection of psalms placed Psalm 72 here because of this doxology and because the whole theme of this psalm is so positive, optimistic, and God-honoring. It also redirects the reader's attention from the laments, which abound in the preceding psalms, to the expectation of the fulfillment of the patriarchal promises culminating in the Messiah. Both ending psalms (41 and 72), and both Books 1 and 2, also close with emphasis on the moral qualities of the king.[866]

72:20         This verse was probably an editorial addition, rather than a part of Psalm 72, in view of what it says. At least 18 psalms that follow this one were David's (Pss. 86; 101; 103; 108—110; 122; 124; 131; 133; and 138—145). Consequently this verse may have ended an earlier collection or edition of the Psalms rather than the present one.[867] However, this verse also separates the preceding psalms associated with David from those of Asaph that follow immediately (Pss. 73—83). Some scholars believe this verse refers to all the Davidic psalms in the first two Books,[868] but others believe it refers only to his psalms in Book 2.[869] Interestingly, the word "prayers" is a synonym for "psalms" as used here. Prayers and praises are the two most characteristic marks of the Psalter.

The theme of Psalm 72 is God's just and righteous rule over the earth. Solomon prayed that God might work through him and his administration to bring such a rule to pass. God answered Solomon's petitions for the most part. However, because Solomon proved unfaithful to God, his reign was not as great a blessing as it might have been. When Solomon's successor, Jesus Christ, returns to earth and establishes His reign, the conditions that Solomon requested will find perfect fulfillment.[870] For Christian readers, Solomon's petitions constitute a model of what the godly should desire—and pray for—regarding God's just rule on the earth (cf. Matt. 6:10).

III.     Book 3: chs. 73—89

A man (or men) named Asaph wrote 11 of the psalms in this book (Pss. 73—83; cf. Ps. 50). Other writers were the sons of Korah (Pss. 84—85, 87), David (Ps. 86), Heman (Ps. 88), and Ethan (Ps. 89). Men named Asaph, Heman, and Ethan were musicians from the tribe of Levi who were contemporaries of David. Most commentators believed that they were the writers of these psalms.

Book 3 of the Psalter has been called its "dark book."[871]

"The seventeen psalms in Book III focus on the defeat of the people of God at the hands of international invaders."[872]

Psalm 73

In this psalm, Asaph related his inner mental struggle when he compared his life, as one committed to Yahweh, with the lives of his acquaintances who did not put God first in their lives. He confessed discouragement. On further reflection, he realized the sinfulness of his carnal longings. Finally, he explained that the contrast between these two lifestyles enabled him to keep a proper view of life in perspective.

"We come now to what may be the most remarkable and satisfying of all the psalms. We treat it last among the psalms of disorientation, because in the career of faith it seems to be the last word on disorientation, even as it utters the first word of new orientation. The very process of the psalm itself shows the moves made in faith, into, through, and out of disorientation, into new orientation, which is marked by joyous trust."[873]

"Here is yet another approach to the problem of the prosperity of the wicked. Although the psalmist is troubled by his own suffering, he is more perplexed by the lack of punishment of the wicked. This psalm goes deeper into the problem than do Psalms 37 and 49, and the author finds peace in spiritual fellowship with God."[874]

Delitzsch titled this psalm "temptation to apostasy overcome."[875]

"This great psalm is the story of a bitter and despairing search, which has now been rewarded beyond all expectation."[876]

This psalm is similar to Psalm 49. It is a wisdom psalm, because of the wise insight it provides for the godly, including a model of trust. But the vehicle of communication is a lament.[877] It is also like Psalm 37, in that it is helpful to read when one feels discouraged by the apparent prosperity of the wicked. It is also similar to the Book of Job.

"… I have typed this psalm as a psalm of wisdom because it deals with a common problem found in wisdom literature, the prosperity of the wicked. But based on its strong affirmations of trust (vv. 1, 17, 18-20, 23-28), it can also be classified as a psalm of trust."[878]

"… it is indisputably in Ps. 73 that this hope of communion with God, in spite of and beyond death, reaches its apogee [high point]."[879]

1.     The present prosperity of the wicked 73:1-14

73:1-3        Asaph began this psalm by affirming God's goodness to His people, specifically those whose hearts are pure because they seek to follow God faithfully (v. 1). This verse provides the key to the psalm by highlighting attitude as most important. Purity of heart means having the attitude of being totally committed to God. References to the heart appear in verses 1, 7, 13, 21, and 26 (twice). One writer referred to this psalm as a meditation on the heart.[880]

However, Asaph confessed that he almost stumbled in his walk as a faithful believer when he thought about the great material prosperity of the wicked. The wealth and easy living of those who do not follow God's will strictly tempted Asaph to abandon his commitment to living by God's Law.

"Doubt comes from a struggling mind, while unbelief comes from a stubborn will that refuses surrender to God (v. 7). The unbelieving person will not believe, while the doubting person struggles to believe but cannot."[881]

Another distinctive feature of this psalm is the recurrence of the phrase "but as for me" (vv. 2 and 28, and 22 and 23 in the Hebrew text).

73:4-12      The writer next described the ways that the wicked behave in this section of the psalm. They seem more carefree (vv. 4-5), proud and violent (v. 6), as well as unrestrained (v. 7). They speak proudly (vv. 8-9), lead others after themselves (v. 10), and act as if God does not care how they live (v. 11; cf. Ps. 94:7). With few cares, they continue to prosper (v. 12; cf. vv. 4-5).

"… [they] never concern themselves about God and at the same time get on better."[882]

73:13-14    After observing the wicked, Asaph had felt that his commitment to follow God faithfully was a mistake. Instead of prospering, he experienced more problems. God seemed to be punishing the pure in heart and prospering the proud (cf. Job 21:7-15).

"He had not been guilty of bloodshed or oppressive activities; so he could say that his hands were washed 'in innocence' (cf. 26:6; Matt 27:24)."[883]

"… we don't serve God because of what we get out of it but because He is worthy of our worship and service regardless of what He allows to come to our lives."[884]

2.     The future destiny of the wicked and the righteous 73:15-28

73:15-20    The present condition of the wicked tends to make the godly question the wisdom of their strong commitment to Gd. However, the future condition of those who disregard God's will now helped Asaph to remain loyal to his Lord.

"If there were not another life after this, we could not fully reconcile the prosperity of the wicked with the justice of God."[885]

Had he proclaimed his former doubts publicly, he would have misled those who heard him because he was not considering all the facts. It was only when he viewed life in the light of God's revelation that he regained a proper perspective.

Sitting in the sanctuary and reflecting brought the memory of the end of the wicked to mind again. God allows the wicked to live as they choose, but their manner of life is similar to walking on ice: it can, and probably will, result in a fall eventually.

Even though the wicked may prosper now, when they stand before God He will punish them. Their ultimate end will be uncomfortable even though their present life may be comfortable. Their present life will then seem to them to have been only a dream, in view of that final reality.

73:21-26    Asaph also found encouragement as he reflected on his own future and the future of all the faithful.

The awareness of the relative prosperity of the godless led Asaph to become bitter toward God initially (v. 21). However, now he realized that he was wrong and that his viewpoint had been similar to an animal's, namely, ignorant of divine revelation (v. 22). Sober reflection reminded him that God had not abandoned him but would one day provide the good things that He presently withheld (vv. 23-24).

The phrase "to glory" (v. 24) probably means "with honor." Asaph's generation of believers did not have much revelation concerning life beyond the grave. He was probably referring to future vindication during his lifetime rather than glory in heaven.[886] We know from later revelation that our ultimate vindication as Christians will come mainly the other side of the grave at the judgment seat of Christ (2 Cor. 5:10).

Verses 25 and 26 are a great expression of faith and contentment with the spiritual blessings that God has promised His people. Asaph was presently willing to go without anything material, because he had a proper relationship with God. That was enough for him. God would be his strength (cf. 18:1) and his portion (cf. 16:5; 119:57; 142:5) forever (cf. Phil. 4:11-13).

"What have we in heaven but God? What's joy without God? What's glory without God? What's all the furniture and riches, all the delicacies, yea, all the diadems of heaven, without the God of heaven? If God should say to the saints, 'Here is heaven, take it amongst you, but I will withdraw Myself,' how would they weep over heaven itself, and make it a Baca, a valley of tears indeed? Heaven is not heaven unless we enjoy God. 'Tis the presence of God which makes heaven: glory is but our nearest being unto God."[887]

73:27-28    These verses contrast with verses 1-3. Asaph formerly envied the wicked, but now he pitied them. Those who do not follow God faithfully will suffer eventually. However, those who walk in close fellowship with Him will experience His blessing in the end. Therefore Asaph closed this "intricately crafted speech"[888] by reaffirming his commitment to stay close to God. This would benefit himself and others with whom he would share his testimony.

"The problem of the suffering of the righteous has no clear resolution, but the 'pain' is relieved by the experience of God's living presence."[889]

What Asaph wrote about the wicked applies to unbelievers and to believers who do not follow God faithfully. Many believers in Asaph's day, and in ours, choose to live for the present rather than for the future (contrast Esau and Jacob). We who have committed to following God faithfully, and putting His priorities before our own preferences, face the same temptation Asaph described here. This psalmist's transparency will help us to adjust our attitude when we, too, are tempted to become bitter because we do not have many of the things unbelievers and compromising Christians enjoy materially.

Psalm 74

Since Asaph is named in the superscription of this psalm, we would expect it to have been written during David's kingship. This may be so, but the writer appears to have written this communal lament psalm after one of Israel's enemies "damaged everything in the sanctuary" (v. 3) and "burned Your sanctuary to the ground" (v. 7). Most of the commentators believed that the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem and the temple in 586 B.C. is therefore the background of this psalm.[890] There is no record that any of Israel's enemies ever destroyed Israel's central sanctuary in David's day, or the temple in Solomon's, to the extent that this psalm implies. So how Asaph's name connects with this psalm is a mystery. Perhaps this psalm was written in the style of the psalms of Asaph, or someone named Asaph may have been responsible for preserving it.

"The temple has been violated. The key symbol of life has been lost. Things in all parts of life fall apart—precisely because the center has not held. This psalm of protest and grief does not concern simply a historical invasion and the loss of a building. It speaks about the violation of the sacral key to all reality, the glue that holds the world together."[891]

The writer asked God to remember His people and defeat their enemies, as He had in the past, for His own glory (cf. Pss. 79; 137; Lam.). One of the meanings of maskil, in the title, is "didactic" (morally instructive). It is one of the "congregational complaint" (or communal lament) psalms.[892]

1.     A call for God to remember His people 74:1-2

Evidently Israel was suffering under the oppression of a foreign foe. The writer prayed that God would stop disciplining His chosen people and remember (act) to bless the nation that He had redeemed. The figure of sheep (v. 2) stresses the helpless, weak condition of the people (cf. 79:13; 95:7; 100:3). The reference to Israel's redemption recalls the Exodus (cf. Exod. 15:13). The word "tribe" (v. 2) also pictures Israel as small and vulnerable (cf. Jer. 10:16). God regarded Israel as His own inheritance (Deut. 4:20). The sanctuary stood on Mt. Zion in Asaph's day.

2.     A lament over the enemy's destruction 74:3-9

74:3           Probably this description is of what took place when the Babylonians destroyed the temple in 586 B.C.

74:4-8        These descriptions of the destruction also picture a complete devastation of the sanctuary as the last of God's successive meeting places (v. 8; cf. Exod. 20:24; Ps. 78:60-64).

"Though some terms and clauses here are very obscure, the general sense is that the spoilers destroyed the beauties of the temple with the violence of woodmen [i.e., lumberjacks]."[893]

74:9           The writer bewailed the fact that no prophet could give the people a revelation about the length of God's present judgment of His people. There were no prophetic signs that would indicate this. Jeremiah, of course, did predict that the Babylonian exile would last 70 years (Jer. 25:11-12; 29:10).

3.     An appeal for divine help 74:10-17

The psalmist pleaded for God to help His people and to subdue their enemy.

"I have read of the crocodile, that he knows no maximum quod sic, he is always growing bigger and bigger, and never comes to a certain pitch of monstrosity so long as he lives. … Every habituated sinner would, if he were let alone, be such a monster, perpetually growing worse and worse."[894]

The Lord's reputation fell with the sanctuary, in the eyes of Israel's neighbors. Ancient Near Easterners regarded a god's temple as the reflection of his glory. Now that the temple on Mt. Zion had suffered damage, the nations would have concluded that Yahweh was unable to defend His people.

Asaph recalled God's mighty acts in the past in order to motivate Him to act for His people by defeating their enemy in the present (vv. 12-17). God was not impotent or inactive, as the preceding verses seem to indicate, but more than able to restore His people. Verses 13 and 14 describe the crossing of the Red Sea during the Exodus.

"… the language of Psalm 74:12-14, while tailored to reflect the redemptive character of the Exodus event, also alludes to God's victory over chaos at creation."[895]

The sea monsters refer to Pharaoh's soldiers, and Leviathan was a mythical monster that the writer used to describe Egypt here.[896]

"In Canaanite mythology, the sea and its serpents joined together as enemies of Baal. Supposedly Baal was victorious over these enemies and subsequently became king. The poets of the Bible used the language of Canaanite myth to describe the victories of God in the formation of the earth, in the deliverance of His people from Egypt, and in future battles (77:16-20; 93:1-5; Is. 27:1; 51:9, 10). The division of the waters described in Gen. 1:6-8 is viewed as a battle in which God was victorious over both sea and serpents.

"One of the enemies of Baal was the sea monster Lotan. In Hebrew literature this figure became the Leviathan. The name speaks poetically of various evil forces over which God has ultimate control and victory. Eventually the Leviathan became a symbol for Satan (Is. 27:1) who is 'the dragon, that serpent of old' (Rev. 20:2). In this context, the people refers to beasts."[897]

Verse 15 recalls events in the wilderness wanderings and the crossing of the Jordan River. Verses 16 and 17 go back to God's creation of the cosmos.

"The point here is that what Baal had claimed in the realm of myth, God had done in the realm of history—and done for His people, working salvation."[898]

4.     An appeal to the covenant 74:18-23

The writer also appealed for action because of God's reputation ("Thy name," v. 18). He compared Israel to a harmless dove and the enemy to a raging wild beast (v. 19). God had promised to hear His people's cries for help and had done so in the past (cf. Judges). But now He was silent. Consequently Asaph asked the LORD to remember His covenant promises to Israel (v. 20). This may be a reference to the promises to Abraham (Gen. 12:1-3) or to the blessings and curses of the Mosaic Covenant (Lev. 26; Deut. 28). Deliverance would lead God's people to praise Him (v. 21). The foolish man (v. 22) is the enemy who does not regard God's revelation of the fate of those who oppose His people. Israel's adversaries evidently mocked Yahweh as they devastated His sanctuary (v. 23).

"The acts of God are primarily a vindication of his name and secondarily of his people."[899]

This psalm is a good example of prayer based on the person and promises of God. When God's people suffer for their sins, they can call out to Him for help, but He may continue the discipline even when they base their petitions on His character and covenant.

Psalm 75

"In some ways, Ps. 75 may be regarded as the Lord's answer to the difficult questions of Ps. 74."[900]

This communal thanksgiving psalm anticipated a victory in Israel when God as Judge would destroy the wicked and establish the righteous (cf. 1 Sam. 2:1-10; Luke 1:46-53). In it, God Himself speaks (cf. Pss. 12; 75; 87; and 91). The Assyrian invasion in the days of Hezekiah may be the historical setting (Isa. 36—37).[901] Though, again, as in Psalm 74, Asaph is mentioned in the superscription.[902]

"This memorable ode may be sung in times of great depression, when prayer has performed her errand at the mercy-seat, and when faith is watching for speedy deliverance. It is a song of the second advent, 'Concerning the Nearness of the Judge with the Cup of Wrath.'"[903]

1.     God's appointment of judgment 75:1-3

Asaph gave thanks to God for Israel because God was near His people and had performed wondrous works (v. 1).

He then put words in God's mouth that were appropriate in view of earlier revelation. God judges when He decides the time is right, and He judges fairly. His judgment can devastate the world, but He sustains it nevertheless. "Pillars" (v. 3b) is metaphorical for foundations—not that the psalmist believed that the earth rests on literal pillars (cf. 1 Tim. 3:15). The meaning is that God has firmly established the earth.

2.     God's character as Judge 75:4-8

75:4-6        These verses call the wicked to repent. The writer said they should stop boasting and acting proudly, as an animal does that defiantly wields its horn against a foe. The wicked refuse to bow before God, as an ox tossing its neck refuses the yoke. No help from any direction will deliver the ungodly when God judges them (cf. Dan. 2:20-22).

"The poet, if we have assigned the right date to the Psalm, has Rabshakeh and his colleagues before his mind, cf. Isa. xxxvii. 23."[904]

75:7-8        As Sovereign Judge, God forces His enemies to drink from the cup that determines consequences. He forces them to drink all the wine of judgment that He has prepared for them (cf. 60:3; Isa. 51:17-23; Hab. 2:16). They cannot escape doing so, or the consequences of doing so, at His appointed time. In some nations kings made convicted criminals drink poisoned wine.

3.     God's glory for judging 75:9-10

Asaph concluded by praising God publicly, and in song, for judging His enemies. The horns symbolize strength, and they picture animals. Israel's enemies would lose their strength, but God's people would grow stronger. God may be speaking again in verse 10.

This inspiring psalm pictures Israel's God in His role as Judge of all the earth. Its perspective is toward that day when He will give justice to His people. This day will inevitably come, and we need to keep it in view, since God waits to judge. The Judge of all the earth will do justly (Gen. 18:25).

Psalm 76

In this psalm of declarative praise, the poet praised God for His power. He had destroyed the wicked and delivered the godly. Therefore the leaders of His people should follow Him faithfully. The psalm is in the form of a victory hymn, though it may not refer to one particular victory in Israel's history (cf. Pss. 46, 48, and 75). It emphasizes "the fear of the LORD."

"… Ps. lxxv. prepares the way for the divine deed of judgment as imminent, which Ps. lxxvi. celebrates as having taken place."[905]

1.     The manifestation of God's judgment 76:1-3

God had made His great name known in Israel in a new way: by defeating an enemy of His people. Salem is a shortened form of Jerusalem (Gen. 14:18; Heb. 7:1-2). Evidently someone named Asaph composed this song after an enemy attacked Jerusalem unsuccessfully. Perhaps the miraculous defeat of the Assyrians in 701 B.C. is the background (2 Kings 18—19; Isa. 36—37). If so, "Asaph" may refer to the style of this psalm, or, perhaps, to the collector of this psalm. He could not have been the Asaph who was a contemporary of David.

"While … it is admitted not only that the infinite God is incomprehensible, and that our knowledge of Him is both partial and imperfect; that there is much in God which we do not know at all, and that what we do know, we know very imperfectly; nevertheless our knowledge, as far as it goes, is true knowledge. God really is what we believe Him to be, so far as our idea of Him is determined by the revelation which He has made of Himself in his works, in the constitution of our nature, in his word, and in the person of his Son [cf. Isa. 11:9; Rom. 1:19-21, 28]."[906]

"It is largely through the acts of God that we learn to know and understand Him."[907]

2.     The justice of God's judgment 76:4-10

76:4-6        The description of God as resplendent pictures Him as radiating light. He illuminates and glorifies by His presence. He is also more majestic than the mountains of Israel that contained an abundance of wild game animals. God's defeat of Israel's enemies was so overwhelming that they appeared anesthetized (cf. Isa. 37:36).

76:7-9        No one is able to resist or oppose the God of Jacob when He decides to judge an enemy. Even the earth itself is quiet when He utters His judgments. Perhaps the psalmist referred here to the calm before a storm that represents God executing judgment. God's judgments cause the righteous to praise Him and the wicked to think twice before opposing Him.

76:10         The emphasis is on God's providential control in the preceding verses, and this emphasis probably continues in verse 10 (cf. Acts 2:23).

"This ["For the wrath of mankind shall praise You"] could mean that men's anger (subjective genitive), when punished by God, will bring him praise, but this interpretation does not harmonize well with the next line ["You will encircle Yourself with a remnant of wrath"]. The translation assumes that God's anger is in view here (see v. 7) and that 'men' is an objective genitive. God's angry judgment against men brings him praise because it reveals his power and majesty (see vv. 1-4)."[908]

"Man's wrath praises God by its futility before His power."[909]

3.     The fearful character of God's judgments 76:11-12

Since the LORD God is such a fearful Judge, His people should be careful to pay the gifts they vow to give Him. Leaders should fear Him and submit to His authority rather than rebelling against Him.

An appreciation of God's power can and should produce submission and worship in those who can benefit or suffer from His judgment.

Psalm 77

The psalmist, probably David's contemporary, described himself as tossing and turning on his bed, unable to sleep, in this individual lament psalm. He found that meditating on God's deliverance of His people in the Exodus brought him comfort. This led him to ask God to manifest His power for His people again.

1.     The psalmist's problem 77:1-9

77:1-3        Some unspecified distress resulted in the psalmist's insomnia. In his restless condition he cried out to God, but he received no relief (cf. Heb. 5:7).

77:4-6        On other similar occasions the writer said he received peace by meditating on God. However, in this one, that activity brought him no rest or joy. God was keeping him awake, but he found no satisfaction in praising God.

"He counted the days of the past, instead of sheep."[910]

77:7-9        He wondered if Adonai had abandoned him. He also questioned God's loyal love—six times. Evidently he was awake because of a major problem that he faced. In the darkness of night he could see no hope (cf. Hab. 3:2).

"This is a clear example of the value of confessing one's doubts to God. As the broad misgivings of verse 7 are spelt out more precisely in verses 8f. their inner contradictions come to light, and with them the possibility of an answer."[911]

2.     The psalmist's solution 77:10-20

77:10-15    Verse 10 means the psalmist felt his sorrow stemmed from the Most High withdrawing His powerful right hand from his life. In other words, God was not answering his prayers and coming to his aid, as He had done in the past.

This remembrance led the psalmist to concentrate on the LORD's great acts for His people in the past.

"The remembrance of the age-old acts of God is the basis for faith."[912]

God's way is holy (v. 13) in that it is different from the ways of men: It is perfectly correct. The true God is unique among the so-called gods of the nations. He had done mighty deeds and performed great miracles for Israel in the past. The greatest example of this is the Exodus, when He redeemed the sons of Jacob and Joseph. Perhaps the writer described the Israelites this way to draw attention to their unworthiness.